IP Addressing and Subnetting
computer networking ကို
စတင္ေလ့လာတယ္ဆုိရင္ IP address နဲ႔
subnetting ကိုသိထားဖုိ႔လုိအပ္ပါတယ္။
သူတို႔ဟာ network ေလ့လာသူမ်ားအတြက္
ေဘာင္းဘီ နဲ႔ ဖိနပ္လုိပါပဲဗ်ာ။MCSE စာေမးပြဲေတြဟာ အေရးႀကီးပါတယ္။ လုပ္ငန္းခြင္ဝင္ဖုိ႔ အတြက္ဝင္ခြင့္လက္မွတႀ္ကီးေတြေပါ့။
ဒီလုိ ခန္႔ခန္႔ညားညား ရွိလွတဲ့ ဘြဲ႕ႀကီးေတြ စာႀကီးေတြကို ေလ့လာေနသူေတြအတြက္ တကယ္ကို အထင္ႀကီးစရာႀကီးပါ။ ဒီစာေတြနဲ႔ ဘြ႔ဲေတြက ကုတ္အက်ၤီနဲ႔ နက္ကတုိင္နဲ႔ တူပါတယ္။
တကယ့္ကို ျမင္ရသူ အထင္ႀကီး အားက်ရပါတယ္။ (တကယ္ကို အားက်တာပါ)
ဒါေပမယ့္ အခုနေျပာခဲ့တဲ့ IP address နဲ႔ subnetting ကို ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာ မသိခဲ့ဘူးဆုိရင္ေတာ့ ေဘာင္းဘီ မပါ၊ ဖိနပ္မပါတဲ့ လူလုိပါပဲ။
အေပၚကတင့္တယ္ၿပီး ေအာက္ကမတင့္မတယ္ ျဖစ္ေနမွာပါ။
ဒါေၾကာင့္ အားလံုး စာဖတ္ရာမွ အဆင္ေျပေစဖုိ႔ အတြက္ကိုပါ ရည္သန္ၿပီး တင္လုိက္ပါတယ္။
လုိအပ္ခ်က္မ်ား…
- Computer အေၾကာင္း အနည္းအပါးနားလည္ရမည္။
- Network အေၾကာင္းကို ၾကားဖူးထားရမည္။
- Basic conversion ကိုနားလည္ရမည္။ (Binary,Octal,Decimal,Hexa)
- ျမန္မာစာ ေရာ English စာ ပါဖတ္တတ္ရမည္။ :D
(ကၽြန္ေတာ္လည္း အတတ္ႀကီးမဟုတ္ပါဘူး..အဲဒီအတြက္အမွားမ်ား ကို ဝင္ေရာက္ျဖည့္စြက္ အႀကံဥာဏ္ေပးႏိုင္ဖုိ႔ကို ေမတၱာရပ္ခံပါတယ္)
------------------------------------------။ ။ ---------------------------------------------------
Computer network ဆုိတာ လူတိုင္းသိက်တဲ့အတုိင္း computer အခ်င္းခ်င္း ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားတာပါ။
(ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ရဲ႕ ယူဆခ်က္အရေတာ့ network ဆုိတာ Adam နဲ႔ Eve ကစတာပါပဲ… J )
ကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္တယ္ဆိုရင္ အလံုးအေရအတြက္ေတြကို သီးျခားစီ သိႏိုင္ဖုိ႔အတြက္ နာမည္သတ္မွတ္ေပးရတယ္.
အဲဒီ နာမည္ကို IP Address လုိ႔ေခၚတယ္။ (ေယာက်္ားေလးကို Adam လုိ႔ေပးလုိက္ၿပီး မိန္းခေလးကို Eve လုိ႔ေပးသလုိေပါ့။ နာမည္ရွိမွ ေခၚလုိ႔အဆင္ေျပၾကမွာေပါ့။)
IP Address အားလံုးကို Binary Format နဲ႔ သတ္မွတ္တယ္။(ဒါမွ စက္ကဖတ္ရတာ နားလည္မွာေပါ့)
Binary ဆုိေတာ့ zero (or) one ေပါ့။
ဒီေတာ့ IP Address တစ္ခုဟာ zero ၃၂ လံုးကေန one ၃၂ လံုးအထိရွိႏိုင္တယ္.
အဲဒီ အေရအတြက္ေလာက္ထိ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြကို နာမည္သတ္မွတ္ေပးႏိုင္တယ္.
00000000000000000000000000000000
11111111111111111111111111111111
ဒီေတာ့ အေရအတြက္အားျဖင့္ 2 power 32 ျဖစ္တယ္..(ကိုယ့္ဟာကို Calculator မွာတြက္ၾကည့္ပါ)
အဲဒါကို 8 လံုးစီ အပိုင္းပိုင္းျဖတ္မယ္။
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111
(ၾကည့္ရတာပိုအဆင္ေျပသြားၿပီမလား)
အဲဒီလုိ အဆင္ေျပဖုိ႔အတြက္ ပိုင္းပါတယ္။ ၾကားထဲမွာ “.” (dot) ေလးျခားထားတာ အဲဒါေၾကာင့္ပါ။
ဒါေပမယ့္ ပထမတစ္ပိုင္းဟာ ဘယ္ေလာက္ဆုိတာသိရဲ႕လား။ ခ်က္ခ်င္းႀကီးမသိပါဘူး.
ျပန္တြက္ရပါမယ္။
ဒီေတာ့ အေျခခံ ျပန္သြားရေအာင္..( 20 ဆိုတာ 1, 21 ဆုိတာ 2)
(Binary to Decimal ေျပာင္းလုိက္ၾကရေအာင္)
20 = 1
21 = 2
22 = 4
23 = 8
24 = 16
25 = 32
26 = 64
27 = 128
ဟိုး…….ရပါၿပီ.. ရွစ္လံုးဆုိရပါၿပီ
ဒါဆုိ ဒီလုိေျပာင္းၾကည့္ရေအာင္..
2726252423222120 . 2726252423222120 . 2726252423222120 . 2726252423222120
ဒီေတာ့ တပိုင္းခ်င္းစီကို အျမန္တြက္လုိ႔႔ၿပီေပါ့.
တြက္နည္းက လြယ္ပါတယ္။
ေပးထားတဲ့ Binary တန္ဖုိးကို သူ႔ေနရာမွာရွိတဲ့ Decimal နဲ႔ ေျမွာက္ အားလံုးျပန္ေပါင္း
ဥပမာ-
1001100 ဆုိရင္
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 ---à 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 ----à 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
------------------------------------------
128 + 0 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 152
အဲဒါ တြက္တတ္ရင္ တစ္ဝက္ ေအာင္ပါၿပီ။
ဆက္ၾကည့္ရေအာင္.
Network ေတြအမ်ိဳးစားခြဲႏိုင္ဖုိ႔အတြက္ သီးျခားသတ္မွတ္ဖုိ႔ လုိလာပါတယ္။
နံပါတ္ေတြ မတူရင္ စက္ေတြ ဘယ္တူပါ့မလဲ သီးျခား အမ်ိဴးအစား သတ္မွတ္ဖုိ႔ မလုိဘူးလုိ႔ ေျပာႏုိင္ပါတယ္။
ဟုတ္ပါတယ္။ တကယ္ေတာ့ မလုိပါဘူး။
ဒါဆုိ မသံုးရင္ ဘာျဖစ္မလဲ။ ဘာမွ မျဖစ္ပါဘူး။ အဲဒီ နံပါတ္ zero 32 လံုးကေန one 32 လံုးအထိ မေတြ႔မခ်င္းရွာယံုေလးပါပဲ။ အဆင္ေျပတယ္ေနာ။
ဒါေၾကာင့္ အမ်ိဳးအစားခြဲပါတယ္။
ပုိရွင္းေအာင္ ေျပာရရင္ေတာ့ လူေတြအမ်ားႀကီး ကို အကုန္ေရာမထားဘဲနဲ႔ ရွာရလြယ္၊ ေခၚရလြယ္ေအာင္ တူရာလူေတြ စုစုၿပီး အိမ္တစ္ခုခ်င္းစီမွာ ထားသလုိပါပဲ။
အဲဒီ အိမ္ေတြကို Subnet Mask လုိ႔ေခၚပါတယ္။ IP address ေတြအတြက္ အကာအရံေပါ့။
အဲဒီ အိမ္ေတြအမ်ားႀကီး စုေပါင္းလုိက္ရင္ ရြာ၊ ၿမိဳ႔၊ ႏိုင္ငံေတြ ျဖစ္လာပါတယ္။
အဲဒီ လုိပဲ Subnet Mask ေတြစုေပါင္းလုိက္ရင္ Class ေတြျဖစ္လာပါတယ္။
အဲဒီမွာမွ
- Class C ဆုိရင္ ရြာအဆင့္ (ေသးငယ္တဲ့ network)
- Class B ဆိုရင္ ၿမိဳ႕အဆင့္ (အလယ္အလတ္တန္းစား network)
- Class A ဆိုရင္ ႏိုင္ငံအဆင့္ (အႀကီးစား network)
ေတြဆုိၿပီး အၾကမ္းဖ်င္းခဲြပါတယ္။
Subnet Mask ရဲ႕ ပံုစံက အခုန Binary 32 လံုးကိုပဲ ျပန္သံုးပါတယ္။
ဒါေပမယ့္ သူ႔ကို သံုးရင္ 1 ကို ဘယ္ကေနစၿပီး အစဥ္လုိက္ပဲ ထည့္ရပါတယ္။
1 ဘယ္ကေန ညာအထိ 8 လံုးကို /8 (Class A) 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
1 ဘယ္ကေန ညာအထိ 16 လံုးကို /16 (Class B) 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
1 ဘယ္ကေန ညာအထိ 32 လံုးကို /32 (Class C) 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
ဒါဆုိ အခုနကအတုိင္း Binary to Decimal ေျပာင္းၾကည့္ပါ။
11111111 ဆိုေတာ့ 255 ရပါလိမ့္မယ္။
ဒါေၾကာင့္ subnet mask ေတြဟာ 255 ျဖစ္ေနတာပါ။ (မျဖစ္တာေတြကို ေနာက္မွာ ဆက္ရွင္းထားပါတယ္)
Class A ဟာ သူခ်န္ထားခဲ့တဲ့ Zero အလံုးအေရအတြက္(24) ထိ နံပါတ္ေပးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ (224)
Class B ဟာ သူခ်န္ထားခဲ့တဲ့ Zero အလံုးအေရအတြက္(16) ထိ နံပါတ္ေပးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ (216)
Class C ဟာ သူခ်န္ထားခဲ့တဲ့ Zero အလံုးအေရအတြက္(8) ထိ နံပါတ္ေပးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ (28)
အဲဒီလုိ ေပးႏိုင္ေနတာကို Router ေတြ လမ္းေၾကာင္းထြက္ခ်က္ရာမွာ ပိုမိုျမန္ေစဖုိ႔အတြက္ ေရွ႕ဆံုး number ေတြကို Class ေပၚမူတည္ၿပီး ကန္႔သတ္လုိက္ပါတယ္။ (ေရွ႕ဆံုး ရွစ္လံုးကို ပဲေနာ္။ ေနာက္အလံုးေတြက အကုန္ရတယ္။)
Class A ဟာ 0 ကေန 127 ထိပဲရပါတယ္ ( 0000 0000 ~ 0111 1111 )
Class B ဟာ 128 ကေန 191 ထိပဲရပါတယ္ ( 1000 0000 ~ 1011 1111 )
Class C ဟာ 192 ကေန 223 ထိပဲရပါတယ္ ( 1100 0000 ~ 1101 1111 )
မထူးဆန္းဘူးလား ေနရာယူသြားပံုေလး။
A ဟာ ပထမဆံုး အလံုးေလးကို အေသထားၿပီး က်န္တဲ့ ခုႏွစ္လံုးကို zero ကေန One အကုန္အထိယူသြားတယ္။
B ဟာ ပထမႏွစ္လံုးေလးကို အေသထားၿပီး က်န္တဲ့ ေျခာက္လံုးကို zero ကေန One အကုန္အထိယူသြားတယ္။
C ဟာ ပထမသံုးလံုးေလးကို အေသထားၿပီး က်န္တဲ့ ငါးလံုးကို zero ကေန One အကုန္အထိယူသြားတယ္။
ဒီလုိမွတ္ထားရင္ Address Range ေတြက်က္ရတာ အပမ္းမႀကီးေတာ့ပါဘူးဗ်ာ
ခြ်င္းခ်က္အေနနဲ႔ A မွာ ထိပ္ဆံုးနဲ႔ ဘိတ္ဆံုးကို မသံုးပါဘူး။
0 က အစထဲက မသံုးပါဘူး။
127 ကေတာ့ စက္မွာ networking အလုပ္လုပ္မလုပ္ ကိုယ့္ဘာသာ စစ္ႏိုင္ဖုိ႔ အတြက္ ထားပါတယ္။
(ဒါ့ေၾကာင့္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တုိ႔ ping 127.x.x.x ေခၚရင္ ကိုယ့္စက္က reply ျပန္ပါတယ္)
အဲဒီ Subnet mask ကိုသံုးၿပီးေတာ့ router မ်ားဟာ မိမိတုိ႔ ပိုင္ဆုိင္တဲ့ ip address မ်ားကို စစ္ပါတယ္။
မတူရင္ တျခား ကလာတယ္လုိ႔ သတ္မွတ္ႏိုင္ၿပီး။ တူရင္ေတာ့ အတြင္း ကလုိ႔ သတ္မွတ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
ဒါေၾကာင့္ လမ္းေၾကာင္းရွာရာမွာ အစအဆံုး လုိက္စစ္ စရာ မလုိပဲနဲ႔ ျမန္ဆန္လာျခင္းျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Router ကို အိမ္ရဲ႕ တံခါးမႀကီးလုိ႔ျမင္လုိက္ေပါ့ဗ်ာ။
(စစ္ပံုကေတာ့ ဝင္လာတဲ့ Ip address ကို Subnet mask နဲ႔ AND ခံပါတယ္။ မတူရင္ တျခား network ကျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ တူရင္ ကိုယ္ပိုင္အတြင္း network ကျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အေသးစိတ္မေျပာေတာ့ပါ)
Network တစ္ခုရယ္လုိ႔ျဖစ္လာရင္ အပို feature ႏွစ္ခုပါရပါတယ္။
၁. Network ၏ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ နာမည္ တစ္ခု (Network name/ domain name)
၂. အတြင္း network အားလံုး ၾကားေအာင္ ေျပာဖုိ႔ ေနရာတစ္ခု (broadcast)
အဲဒီ feature ႏွစ္ခုအတြက္ network တစ္ခု သတ္မွတ္တိုင္းမွာ number ႏွစ္ခု စေတးရပါတယ္။
၁. ပထမဆံုး number နဲ႕ (domain number) (subnet mask ေနာက္မွ zero အားလံုး)
၂. ေနာက္ဆံုး number (broadcast number) (subnet mask ေနာက္မွ one အားလံုး)
မွတ္ထားရမွာက သူူတို႔ေတြကို computer မွာ number ေပးလုိ႔မရပါဘူး။
Host ကို ေပးလုိ႔မရတဲ့ number ေတြေပါ့
ဒါဆို
17.0.0.0 ဆိုရင္
Class - A
Subnet Mask – 255 . 0 . 0 . 0 (1111 1111 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000)
Slash - /8
Domain Number – 17.0.0.0 (0001 0001 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000)
BroadCast Number – 17.255.255.255 (0001 0001 . 1111 1111. 1111 1111 . 1111 1111)
IP Address Range – 17.0.0.1 ~ 17.255.255.254
(0001 0001 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0001) ~ (0001 0001 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1110)
130.100.0.0 ဆိုရင္
Class - B
Subnet Mask – 255 . 255 . 0 . 0 (1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000)
Slash - /16
Domain Number – 130.100.0.0 (1000 0010 . 0110 0100 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000)
BroadCast Number – 130.100.255.255 (1000 0010 . 0110 0100 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111)
IP Address Range – 130.100.0.1 ~ 130.100.255.254
(1000 0010 . 0110 0100 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0001) ~ (1000 0010 . 0110 0100 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1110)
196.120.26.0 ဆိုရင္
Class - C
Subnet Mask – 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 (1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111. 0000 0000)
Slash - /24
Domain Number – 196.120.26.0 (1100 0100 . 0111 1000 . 0001 1010 . 0000 0000)
BroadCast Number – 130.100.255.255 (1100 0100 . 0111 1000 . 0001 1010 . 1111 1111)
IP Address Range – 130.100.0.1 ~ 130.100.255.254
(1100 0100 . 0111 1000 . 0001 1010 . 0000 0001) ~ (1100 0100 . 0111 1000 . 0001 1010 . 1111 1110)
ဒီေလာက္ဆို သေဘာေပါက္ေလာက္ပါၿပီေနာ။
ေရွ႕က subnet mask အပိုင္းကလြဲရင္ က်န္တဲ့ အပိုင္းေတြ ဟာ zero အကုန္ကေန one အကုန္အထိ အသံုးဝင္ပါတယ္။
ဒီေတာ့ slash ေတြေပးမထားလဲ နံပါတ္ျမင္တာနဲ႔ ဘာ အမ်ိဳးအစား subnet mask ဘာဆိုတာသိရမယ္။ သံုးလုိ႔မရတဲ့ နံပါတ္ေတြသိရမယ္။
Ip address ကို ႏွစ္ပိုင္းခြဲပါေသးတယ္။
Private = Internet ေပၚျဖတ္သန္းလုိ႔ မရတဲ့ number ေတြျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အဲဒီ number ေတြေတြ႔တာနဲ႔ router က အလုိလုိ ဖ်က္ခ်ပါတယ္။
Class A: 10.0.0.0 ~ 10.255.255.255
Class B: 172.16.0.0 ~ 172.31.255.255
Class C: 192.168.0.0 ~ 192.168.255.255
Public = Internet ေပၚျဖတ္သန္းဖုိ႔အတြက္ သံုးရတဲ့ number ေတြပါ။ private မဟုတ္တဲ့ number အားလံုး။
ဒီအထိ ရွင္းျပထားတဲ့ Address ေပးနည္း စနစ္ကို Classful Routing လုိ႔ေခၚပါတယ္။
အတိုခ်ဳပ္ျပန္ေျပာရရင္…
Class A - အႀကီးစား network ေတြအတြက္
Class B - အလတ္စား network ေတြအတြက္
Class C - အေသးစား network ေတြအတြက္
Class D – Broadcast Domain ေတြအတြက္သံုးတယ္
Class E – Research ဆက္လုပ္ဖုိ႔အတြက္ခ်န္ထားတယ္ (အခုထိေတာ့ မသံုးေတာ့ပါဘူး)
subnetting အတြက္ part(2) ကုိဆက္လက္ဖက္ေပးၾကပါ ခင္ဗ်ာ..
IP Address အေၾကာင္း...
computer ေတြတစ္လံုးနဲ႔တစ္လံုး
network ခ်ိတ္တဲ့ေနရာမွာ protocol
တစ္ခု မျဖစ္မေနသံုးဖို႕လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။
အဒီ protocol ဆိုတာ လြယ္လြယ္ေျပာရင္ေတာ့ ဘာသာစကား လိုပါဘဲ။
ဘာသာစကားေတြ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး႐ွိသလို Protocol ေတြလဲ အမ်ိုးမ်ိဳး ႐ွိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္Internet ကိုခ်ိတ္မယ္ဆိုတဲ့ computer တိုင္းဟာေတာ့ TCP/IP ဆိုတဲ့ protocolကိုမျဖစ္မေနသံုးဖို႔လိုပါတယ္။ TCP/IP protocol သံုးတဲ့ computerတိုင္းဟာလည္း IP address တစ္ခုမျဖစ္မေနသက္မွတ္ဖို႔လိုပါတယ္။
IPaddress မွာ Version 4 နဲ႔ Version6 ဆိုၿပီး ႏွစ္မ်ိဳး႐ွိပါတယ္။ V4 က 32bits နဲ႔ အလုပ္လုပ္ၿပီး V6 ကေတာ့ 128bits နဲ႔ အလုပ္လုပ္ပါတယ္။လက္႐ွိအမ်ားစုက V4 ကို အသံုးျပဳေနပါတယ္။
V4 IP address မွာ Class (၅) ခု႐ွိပါတယ္။ A, B, C, D, နဲ႔ E ပါ။
Class A, B, C ကကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ နဲ႔ ရင္းႏွီးၿပီး အသံုးမ်ားပါတယ္။
Class D က Multicast address( multicast ဆိုတာ က သက္မွတ္ထားတဲ့ အစုအဖြဲ႔တစ္ခုအတြင္းမွာသာ အျပန္အလွန္ဆက္သြယ္ႏိုင္တဲ့ address မ်ိဳးပါဥပမာ -Class D address group1 မွာ computer 5 လံုး၊group2 မွာ computer 5 လံုး၊ ခ်ိတ္ထားတယ္ဆိုရင္ group1 ထဲက computer အခ်င္းခ်င္း၊ group၂ ထဲက computer အခ်င္းခ်င္း၊ ဘဲဆက္သြယ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္ Group1 က computer နဲ႔ Group၂ က computer ခ်ိတ္လို႔မရႏိုင္ပါဘူး)
Class E ကေတာ့ သုေတသနျပဳလုပ္ႏိုင္ဖို႔ reserved ထားပါတယ္၊ အသံုးမျပဳပါဘူးခင္ဗ်ာ
အဒီ protocol ဆိုတာ လြယ္လြယ္ေျပာရင္ေတာ့ ဘာသာစကား လိုပါဘဲ။
ဘာသာစကားေတြ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး႐ွိသလို Protocol ေတြလဲ အမ်ိုးမ်ိဳး ႐ွိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္Internet ကိုခ်ိတ္မယ္ဆိုတဲ့ computer တိုင္းဟာေတာ့ TCP/IP ဆိုတဲ့ protocolကိုမျဖစ္မေနသံုးဖို႔လိုပါတယ္။ TCP/IP protocol သံုးတဲ့ computerတိုင္းဟာလည္း IP address တစ္ခုမျဖစ္မေနသက္မွတ္ဖို႔လိုပါတယ္။
IPaddress မွာ Version 4 နဲ႔ Version6 ဆိုၿပီး ႏွစ္မ်ိဳး႐ွိပါတယ္။ V4 က 32bits နဲ႔ အလုပ္လုပ္ၿပီး V6 ကေတာ့ 128bits နဲ႔ အလုပ္လုပ္ပါတယ္။လက္႐ွိအမ်ားစုက V4 ကို အသံုးျပဳေနပါတယ္။
V4 IP address မွာ Class (၅) ခု႐ွိပါတယ္။ A, B, C, D, နဲ႔ E ပါ။
Class A, B, C ကကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ နဲ႔ ရင္းႏွီးၿပီး အသံုးမ်ားပါတယ္။
Class D က Multicast address( multicast ဆိုတာ က သက္မွတ္ထားတဲ့ အစုအဖြဲ႔တစ္ခုအတြင္းမွာသာ အျပန္အလွန္ဆက္သြယ္ႏိုင္တဲ့ address မ်ိဳးပါဥပမာ -Class D address group1 မွာ computer 5 လံုး၊group2 မွာ computer 5 လံုး၊ ခ်ိတ္ထားတယ္ဆိုရင္ group1 ထဲက computer အခ်င္းခ်င္း၊ group၂ ထဲက computer အခ်င္းခ်င္း၊ ဘဲဆက္သြယ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္ Group1 က computer နဲ႔ Group၂ က computer ခ်ိတ္လို႔မရႏိုင္ပါဘူး)
Class E ကေတာ့ သုေတသနျပဳလုပ္ႏိုင္ဖို႔ reserved ထားပါတယ္၊ အသံုးမျပဳပါဘူးခင္ဗ်ာ
What is (Wireless / Computer) Networking?
What is (Wireless / Computer)
Networking?
Answer: In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.
Area Networks
Networks can be categorized in several different ways. One approach defines the type of network according to the geographic area it spans. Local area networks (LANs), for example, typically reach across a single home, whereas wide area networks (WANs), reach across cities, states, or even across the world. The Internet is the world's largest public WAN.
local area network
A local area network (LAN) supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games or other applications. A LAN in turn often connects to other LANs, and to the Internet or other WAN.
Most local area networks are built with relatively inexpensive hardware such as Ethernet cables, network adapters, and hubs. Wireless LAN and other more advanced LAN hardware options also exist.
Specialized operating system software may be used to configure a local area network. For example, most flavors of Microsoft Windows provide a software package called Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) that supports controlled access to LAN resources.
The term LAN party refers to a multiplayer gaming event where participants bring their own computers and build a temporary LAN.
wide area network
A WAN spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country. WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or metro area networks (MANs).
The world's most popular WAN is the Internet. Some segments of the Internet, like VPN-based extranets, are also WANs in themselves. Finally, many WANs are corporate or research networks that utilize leased lines.
WANs generally utilize different and much more expensive networking equipment than do LANs. Key technologies often found in WANs include SONET, Frame Relay, and ATM.
The Net
The term Internet today refers to the global network of public computers running Internet Protocol. The Internet supports the public WWW and many special-purpose client/server software systems. Internet technology also supports many private corporate intranets and private home LANs.
The term "Internet" was originally coined in the 1970s. At that time, only the very meager beginnings of a public global network were in place. Throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, a number of smaller national networks like ARPANET, BITNET, CSNET, and NSFNET evolved, merged, or dissolved, then finally joined with non-US networks to form the global Internet.
Network Design
Computer networks also differ in their design. The two types of high-level network design are called client-server and peer-to-peer. Client-server networks feature centralized server computers that store email, Web pages, files and or applications. On a peer-to-peer network, conversely, all computers tend to support the same functions. Client-server networks are much more common in business and peer-to-peer networks much more common in homes.
The term client-server refers to a popular model for computer networking that utilizes client and server devices each designed for specific purposes. The client-server model can be used on the Internet as well as local area networks (LANs). Examples of client-server systems on the Internet include Web browsers and Web servers, FTP clients and servers, and DNS.
Client and Server Devices
Client/server networking grew in popularity many years ago as personal computers (PCs) became the common alternative to older mainframe computers. Client devices are typically PCs with network software applications installed that request and receive information over the network. Mobile devices as well as desktop computers can both function as clients.
A server device typically stores files and databases including more complex applications like Web sites. Server devices often feature higher-powered central processors, more memory, and larger disk drives than clients.
Client-Server Applications
The client-server model distinguishes between applications as well as devices. Network clients make requests to a server by sending messages, and servers respond to their clients by acting on each request and returning results. One server generally supports numerous clients, and multiple servers can be networked together in a pool to handle the increased processing load as the number of clients grows.
A client computer and a server computer are usually two separate devices, each customized for their designed purpose. For example, a Web client works best with a large screen display, while a Web server does not need any display at all and can be located anywhere in the world. However, in some cases a given device can function both as a client and a server for the same application. Likewise, a device that is a server for one application can simultaneously act as a client to other servers, for different applications.
[Some of the most popular applications on the Internet follow the client-server model including email, FTP and Web services. Each of these clients features a user interface (either graphic- or text-based) and a client application that allows the user to connect to servers. In the case of email and FTP, users enter a computer name (or sometimes an IP address) into the interface to set up connections to the server.
Local Client-Server Networks
Many home networks utilize client-server systems without even realizing it. Broadband routers, for example, contain DHCP servers that provide IP addresses to the home computers (DHCP clients). Other types of network servers found in home include print servers and backup servers.
Client-Server vs Peer-to-Peer and Other Models
The client-server model was originally developed to allow more users to share access to database applications. Compared to the mainframe approach, client-server offers improved scalability because connections can be made as needed rather than being fixed. The client-server model also supports modular applications that can make the job of creating software easier. In so-called "two-tier" and "three-tier" types of client-server systems, software applications are separated into modular pieces, and each piece is installed on clients or servers specialized for that subsystem.
Client-server is just one approach to managing network applications The primary alternative, peer-to-peer networking, models all devices as having equivalent capability rather than specialized client or server roles. Compared to client-server, peer to peer networks offer some advantages such as more flexibility in growing the system to handle large number of clients. Client-server networks generally offer advantages in keeping data secure.
Peer to peer is an approach to computer networking where all computers share equivalent responsibility for processing data. Peer-to-peer networking (also known simply as peer networking) differs from client-server networking, where certain devices have responsibility for providing or "serving" data and other devices consume or otherwise act as "clients" of those servers.
Characteristics of a Peer Network
Peer to peer networking is common on small local area networks (LANs), particularly home networks. Both wired and wireless home networks can be configured as peer to peer environments.
Computers in a peer to peer network run the same networking protocols and software. Peer networks are also often situated physically near to each other, typically in homes, small businesses or schools. Some peer networks, however, utilize the Internet and are geographically dispersed worldwide.
Home networks that utilize broadband routers are hybrid peer to peer and client-server environments. The router provides centralized Internet connection sharing, but file, printer and other resource sharing is managed directly between the local computers involved.
Peer to Peer and P2P Networks
Internet-based peer to peer networks emerged in the 1990s due to the development of P2P file sharing networks like Napster. Technically, many P2P networks (including the original Napster) are not pure peer networks but rather hybrid designs as they utilize central servers for some functions such as search.
Peer to Peer and Ad Hoc Wi-Fi Networks
Wi-Fi wireless networks support so-called ad hoc connections between devices. Ad hoc Wi-Fi networks are pure peer to peer compared to those utilizing wireless routers as an intermediate device.
Benefits of a Peer to Peer Network
You can configure computers in peer to peer workgroups to allow sharing of files, printers and other resources across all of the devices. Peer networks allow data to be shared easily in both directions, whether for downloads to your computer or uploads from your computer.
On the Internet, peer to peer networks handle a very high volume of file sharing traffic by distributing the load across many computers. Because they do not rely exclusively on central servers, P2P networks both scale better and are more resilient than client-server networks in case of failures or traffic bottlenecks.
A network topology represents its layout or structure from the point of view of data flow. In so-called bus networks, for example, all of the computers share and communicate across one common conduit, whereas in a star network, all data flows through one centralized device. Common types of network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh.
Topology in Network Design
Think of a topology as a network's virtual shape or structure. This shape does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout of the devices on the network. For example, the computers on a home LAN may be arranged in a circle in a family room, but it would be highly unlikely to find a ring topology there.
Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:
bus
ring
star
tree
mesh
More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above basic topologies.
Bus Topology
Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a shared communication medium that devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A device wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message.
Ethernet bus topologies are relatively easy to install and don't require much cabling compared to the alternatives. 10Base-2 ("ThinNet"
and 10Base-5 ("ThickNet"
both were popular Ethernet cabling options many years ago for bus topologies.
However, bus networks work best with a limited number of devices. If more than
a few dozen computers are added to a network bus, performance problems will
likely result. In addition, if the backbone cable fails, the entire network
effectively becomes unusable.
Bus Topology Diagram
Ring Topology
In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either "clockwise" or "counterclockwise".
A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire
network.
To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI, SONET, or Token Ring technology. Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school campuses.
Ring Topology Diagram
Star Topology
Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a "hub" that may be a hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.
Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer's network access and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails, however, the entire network also fails.)
Star Topology Diagram
Tree Topology
Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions as the "root" of a tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach supports future expandability of the network much better than a bus (limited in the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or a star (limited by the number of hub connection points) alone.
Tree Topology Diagram
Mesh Topology
Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes. Unlike each of the previous topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible paths from source to destination. (Recall that even in a ring, although two cable paths exist, messages can only travel in one direction.) Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.
A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full mesh. As shown in the illustration below, partial mesh networks also exist in which some devices connect only indirectly to others.
Mesh Topology Diagram
Network Protocols
In networking, the communication language used by computer devices is called the protocol. Yet another way to classify computer networks is by the set of protocols they support. Networks often implement multiple protocols to support specific applications. Popular protocols include TCP/IP, the most common protocol found on the Internet and in home networks.
A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication between network devices. Protocols for computer networking all generally use packet switching techniques to send and receive messages in the form of packets.
Network protocols include mechanisms for devices to identify and make connections with each other, as well as formatting rules that specify how data is packaged into messages sent and received. Some protocols also support message acknowledgement and data compression designed for reliable and/or high-performance network communication. Hundreds of different computer network protocols have been developed each designed for specific purposes and environments.
Internet Protocols
The Internet Protocol family contains a set of related (and among the most widely used network protocols. Besides Internet Protocol (IP) itself, higher-level protocols like TCP, UDP, HTTP, and FTP all integrate with IP to provide additional capabilities. Similarly, lower-level Internet Protocols like ARP and ICMP also co-exist with IP. These higher level protocols interact more closely with applications like Web browsers while lower-level protocols interact with network adapters and other computer hardware.
Routing Protocols
Routing protocols are special-purpose protocols designed specifically for use by network routers on the Internet. Common routing protocols include EIGRP, OSPF and BGP.
How Network Protocols Are Implemented
Modern operating systems like Microsoft Windows contain built-in services or daemons that implement support for some network protocols. Applications like Web browsers contain software libraries that support the high level protocols necessary for that application to function. For some lower level TCP/IP and routing protocols, support is implemented in directly hardware (silicon chipsets) for improved performance.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) are two distinct network protocols, technically speaking. TCP and IP are so commonly used together, however, that TCP/IP has become standard terminology to refer to either or both of the protocols.
IP corresponds to the Network layer (Layer 3) in the OSI model, whereas TCP corresponds to the Transport layer (Layer 4) in OSI. In other words, the term TCP/IP refers to network communications where the TCP transport is used to deliver data across IP networks.
The average person on the Internet works in a predominately TCP/IP environment. Web browsers, for example, use TCP/IP to communicate with Web servers.
Answer: In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.
Area Networks
Networks can be categorized in several different ways. One approach defines the type of network according to the geographic area it spans. Local area networks (LANs), for example, typically reach across a single home, whereas wide area networks (WANs), reach across cities, states, or even across the world. The Internet is the world's largest public WAN.
local area network
A local area network (LAN) supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games or other applications. A LAN in turn often connects to other LANs, and to the Internet or other WAN.
Most local area networks are built with relatively inexpensive hardware such as Ethernet cables, network adapters, and hubs. Wireless LAN and other more advanced LAN hardware options also exist.
Specialized operating system software may be used to configure a local area network. For example, most flavors of Microsoft Windows provide a software package called Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) that supports controlled access to LAN resources.
The term LAN party refers to a multiplayer gaming event where participants bring their own computers and build a temporary LAN.
wide area network
A WAN spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country. WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or metro area networks (MANs).
The world's most popular WAN is the Internet. Some segments of the Internet, like VPN-based extranets, are also WANs in themselves. Finally, many WANs are corporate or research networks that utilize leased lines.
WANs generally utilize different and much more expensive networking equipment than do LANs. Key technologies often found in WANs include SONET, Frame Relay, and ATM.
The Net
The term Internet today refers to the global network of public computers running Internet Protocol. The Internet supports the public WWW and many special-purpose client/server software systems. Internet technology also supports many private corporate intranets and private home LANs.
The term "Internet" was originally coined in the 1970s. At that time, only the very meager beginnings of a public global network were in place. Throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, a number of smaller national networks like ARPANET, BITNET, CSNET, and NSFNET evolved, merged, or dissolved, then finally joined with non-US networks to form the global Internet.
Network Design
Computer networks also differ in their design. The two types of high-level network design are called client-server and peer-to-peer. Client-server networks feature centralized server computers that store email, Web pages, files and or applications. On a peer-to-peer network, conversely, all computers tend to support the same functions. Client-server networks are much more common in business and peer-to-peer networks much more common in homes.
The term client-server refers to a popular model for computer networking that utilizes client and server devices each designed for specific purposes. The client-server model can be used on the Internet as well as local area networks (LANs). Examples of client-server systems on the Internet include Web browsers and Web servers, FTP clients and servers, and DNS.
Client and Server Devices
Client/server networking grew in popularity many years ago as personal computers (PCs) became the common alternative to older mainframe computers. Client devices are typically PCs with network software applications installed that request and receive information over the network. Mobile devices as well as desktop computers can both function as clients.
A server device typically stores files and databases including more complex applications like Web sites. Server devices often feature higher-powered central processors, more memory, and larger disk drives than clients.
Client-Server Applications
The client-server model distinguishes between applications as well as devices. Network clients make requests to a server by sending messages, and servers respond to their clients by acting on each request and returning results. One server generally supports numerous clients, and multiple servers can be networked together in a pool to handle the increased processing load as the number of clients grows.
A client computer and a server computer are usually two separate devices, each customized for their designed purpose. For example, a Web client works best with a large screen display, while a Web server does not need any display at all and can be located anywhere in the world. However, in some cases a given device can function both as a client and a server for the same application. Likewise, a device that is a server for one application can simultaneously act as a client to other servers, for different applications.
[Some of the most popular applications on the Internet follow the client-server model including email, FTP and Web services. Each of these clients features a user interface (either graphic- or text-based) and a client application that allows the user to connect to servers. In the case of email and FTP, users enter a computer name (or sometimes an IP address) into the interface to set up connections to the server.
Local Client-Server Networks
Many home networks utilize client-server systems without even realizing it. Broadband routers, for example, contain DHCP servers that provide IP addresses to the home computers (DHCP clients). Other types of network servers found in home include print servers and backup servers.
Client-Server vs Peer-to-Peer and Other Models
The client-server model was originally developed to allow more users to share access to database applications. Compared to the mainframe approach, client-server offers improved scalability because connections can be made as needed rather than being fixed. The client-server model also supports modular applications that can make the job of creating software easier. In so-called "two-tier" and "three-tier" types of client-server systems, software applications are separated into modular pieces, and each piece is installed on clients or servers specialized for that subsystem.
Client-server is just one approach to managing network applications The primary alternative, peer-to-peer networking, models all devices as having equivalent capability rather than specialized client or server roles. Compared to client-server, peer to peer networks offer some advantages such as more flexibility in growing the system to handle large number of clients. Client-server networks generally offer advantages in keeping data secure.
Peer to peer is an approach to computer networking where all computers share equivalent responsibility for processing data. Peer-to-peer networking (also known simply as peer networking) differs from client-server networking, where certain devices have responsibility for providing or "serving" data and other devices consume or otherwise act as "clients" of those servers.
Characteristics of a Peer Network
Peer to peer networking is common on small local area networks (LANs), particularly home networks. Both wired and wireless home networks can be configured as peer to peer environments.
Computers in a peer to peer network run the same networking protocols and software. Peer networks are also often situated physically near to each other, typically in homes, small businesses or schools. Some peer networks, however, utilize the Internet and are geographically dispersed worldwide.
Home networks that utilize broadband routers are hybrid peer to peer and client-server environments. The router provides centralized Internet connection sharing, but file, printer and other resource sharing is managed directly between the local computers involved.
Peer to Peer and P2P Networks
Internet-based peer to peer networks emerged in the 1990s due to the development of P2P file sharing networks like Napster. Technically, many P2P networks (including the original Napster) are not pure peer networks but rather hybrid designs as they utilize central servers for some functions such as search.
Peer to Peer and Ad Hoc Wi-Fi Networks
Wi-Fi wireless networks support so-called ad hoc connections between devices. Ad hoc Wi-Fi networks are pure peer to peer compared to those utilizing wireless routers as an intermediate device.
Benefits of a Peer to Peer Network
You can configure computers in peer to peer workgroups to allow sharing of files, printers and other resources across all of the devices. Peer networks allow data to be shared easily in both directions, whether for downloads to your computer or uploads from your computer.
On the Internet, peer to peer networks handle a very high volume of file sharing traffic by distributing the load across many computers. Because they do not rely exclusively on central servers, P2P networks both scale better and are more resilient than client-server networks in case of failures or traffic bottlenecks.
A network topology represents its layout or structure from the point of view of data flow. In so-called bus networks, for example, all of the computers share and communicate across one common conduit, whereas in a star network, all data flows through one centralized device. Common types of network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh.
Topology in Network Design
Think of a topology as a network's virtual shape or structure. This shape does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout of the devices on the network. For example, the computers on a home LAN may be arranged in a circle in a family room, but it would be highly unlikely to find a ring topology there.
Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:
bus
ring
star
tree
mesh
More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above basic topologies.
Bus Topology
Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a shared communication medium that devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A device wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message.
Ethernet bus topologies are relatively easy to install and don't require much cabling compared to the alternatives. 10Base-2 ("ThinNet"
and 10Base-5 ("ThickNet"
both were popular Ethernet cabling options many years ago for bus topologies.
However, bus networks work best with a limited number of devices. If more than
a few dozen computers are added to a network bus, performance problems will
likely result. In addition, if the backbone cable fails, the entire network
effectively becomes unusable. Bus Topology Diagram
Ring Topology
In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either "clockwise" or "counterclockwise"
.
A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire
network. To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI, SONET, or Token Ring technology. Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school campuses.
Ring Topology Diagram
Star Topology
Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a "hub" that may be a hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.
Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer's network access and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails, however, the entire network also fails.)
Star Topology Diagram
Tree Topology
Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions as the "root" of a tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach supports future expandability of the network much better than a bus (limited in the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or a star (limited by the number of hub connection points) alone.
Tree Topology Diagram
Mesh Topology
Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes. Unlike each of the previous topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible paths from source to destination. (Recall that even in a ring, although two cable paths exist, messages can only travel in one direction.) Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.
A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full mesh. As shown in the illustration below, partial mesh networks also exist in which some devices connect only indirectly to others.
Mesh Topology Diagram
Network Protocols
In networking, the communication language used by computer devices is called the protocol. Yet another way to classify computer networks is by the set of protocols they support. Networks often implement multiple protocols to support specific applications. Popular protocols include TCP/IP, the most common protocol found on the Internet and in home networks.
A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication between network devices. Protocols for computer networking all generally use packet switching techniques to send and receive messages in the form of packets.
Network protocols include mechanisms for devices to identify and make connections with each other, as well as formatting rules that specify how data is packaged into messages sent and received. Some protocols also support message acknowledgement and data compression designed for reliable and/or high-performance network communication. Hundreds of different computer network protocols have been developed each designed for specific purposes and environments.
Internet Protocols
The Internet Protocol family contains a set of related (and among the most widely used network protocols. Besides Internet Protocol (IP) itself, higher-level protocols like TCP, UDP, HTTP, and FTP all integrate with IP to provide additional capabilities. Similarly, lower-level Internet Protocols like ARP and ICMP also co-exist with IP. These higher level protocols interact more closely with applications like Web browsers while lower-level protocols interact with network adapters and other computer hardware.
Routing Protocols
Routing protocols are special-purpose protocols designed specifically for use by network routers on the Internet. Common routing protocols include EIGRP, OSPF and BGP.
How Network Protocols Are Implemented
Modern operating systems like Microsoft Windows contain built-in services or daemons that implement support for some network protocols. Applications like Web browsers contain software libraries that support the high level protocols necessary for that application to function. For some lower level TCP/IP and routing protocols, support is implemented in directly hardware (silicon chipsets) for improved performance.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) are two distinct network protocols, technically speaking. TCP and IP are so commonly used together, however, that TCP/IP has become standard terminology to refer to either or both of the protocols.
IP corresponds to the Network layer (Layer 3) in the OSI model, whereas TCP corresponds to the Transport layer (Layer 4) in OSI. In other words, the term TCP/IP refers to network communications where the TCP transport is used to deliver data across IP networks.
The average person on the Internet works in a predominately TCP/IP environment. Web browsers, for example, use TCP/IP to communicate with Web servers.
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222.58.225.174:80
195.68.234.106:8080
222.58.225.169:80
89.191.131.239:80
88.247.175.165:3128
200.216.54.230:3128
118.96.148.207:8080
189.51.201.35:3128
62.240.163.124:3128
89.189.84.125:80
119.147.113.116:80
202.133.50.203:8080
201.65.121.124:3128
119.82.232.139:8080
80.191.119.11:3128
89.189.84.54:80
41.221.142.103:3128
187.11.176.178:3128
87.126.10.58:3128
189.17.149.133:3128
89.189.84.3:80
200.6.233.187:3128
89.189.85.19:80
24.156.34.154:80
118.98.214.100:3128
85.12.236.119:8080
110.139.148.251:8080
200.48.13.39:3128
201.64.105.32:3128
190.69.93.195:3128
222.165.130.82:3128
200.55.250.31:8080
213.42.178.199:80
217.218.156.7:8080
208.43.112.5:808
200.180.201.221:3128
213.192.13.86:8080
66.63.165.8:3128
110.138.240.30:8080
82.117.202.14:8080
110.139.64.28:8080
74.82.57.81:3128
81.180.120.30:3128
201.244.179.250:3128
88.191.46.33:8888
118.96.13.5:8080
212.83.213.165:3128
118.98.169.50:80
207.165.149.21:3128
110.137.98.11:8080
66.119.111.201:8888
110.139.96.98:22222
220.247.202.179:3128
201.12.130.70:3128
111.68.99.22:8080
113.11.154.20:8080
114.143.12.28:8080
115.178.25.118:8080
116.68.154.85:8080
118.97.67.34:8080
118.98.160.243:80
121.14.158.75:80
122.129.117.10:8080
122.183.210.60:80
123.108.255.205:80
123.125.156.142:80
123.49.32.232:8080
125.163.248.92:80
144.140.129.30:80
159.226.40.43:80
173.18.115.223:8085
173.2.155.217:8085
173.203.206.253:80
174.142.192.26:80
186.3.1.190:8080
189.115.161.205:8080
189.84.158.137:8080
190.8.45.250:80
193.188.12.107:80
193.85.240.198:8080
194.116.159.61:8080
194.151.188.188:80
194.186.222.242:8080
194.19.241.226:8080
194.228.203.14:80
195.168.109.60:8080
195.230.115.250:1016
195.68.235.254:8080
200.107.124.37:80
200.136.224.151:8080
200.210.132.231:8080
200.31.106.246:8080
200.31.107.98:8080
200.74.216.101:80
200.74.218.98:80
200.93.224.90:8080
201.18.90.2:8080
201.218.41.198:80
201.218.41.198:8080
201.45.216.115:80
202.138.180.144:80
202.138.180.198:80
202.143.146.205:8080
202.147.249.55:8080
202.162.212.29:80
202.164.208.50:8080
202.69.8.63:8080
203.153.25.202:8080
203.153.29.238:8080
204.114.12.157:80
206.224.254.0:80
206.224.254.10:80
206.224.254.11:80
206.224.254.5:554
210.57.209.130:80
211.138.124.196:8080
211.138.124.198:8080
211.138.124.199:80
211.138.124.210:8080
211.239.84.234:80
212.116.220.154:443
212.116.220.154:8080
212.120.208.53:8080
212.33.197.98:8080
213.192.32.1:8080
213.211.36.157:8080
213.217.58.33:8080
216.104.41.43:8080
217.145.93.105:8080
217.145.93.57:8080
217.169.129.36:80
217.169.129.36:8080
217.19.101.217:8080
217.218.156.7:8080
217.29.28.152:31282
217.66.205.76:8080
218.201.21.178:80
218.206.179.215:80
218.56.64.2:80
221.130.13.228:80
221.130.13.37:80
221.130.13.39:80
221.130.13.41:80
221.130.13.42:80
221.130.13.47:80
221.130.17.15:80
221.130.17.16:80
221.130.17.26:80
221.130.17.48:80
221.130.17.62:80
221.130.7.76:80
221.130.7.89:80
221.130.7.93:80
221.7.145.42:8080
222.124.132.146:8080
222.124.194.26:8080
222.124.196.204:8080
222.124.251.152:8080
222.161.137.199:8080
222.161.3.133:8080
222.162.105.110:8080
222.165.130.82:80
222.169.11.234:8080
222.169.7.46:8080
222.177.4.99:8080
222.58.225.132:80
222.58.225.135:80
222.58.225.136:80
222.58.225.137:80
222.58.225.169:80
222.58.225.176:80
222.58.225.190:80
24.155.125.188:8080
24.156.34.154:80
24.34.180.82:9090
24.8.124.17:8085
41.204.93.150:8080
41.215.180.130:8080
41.234.205.150:8080
41.234.206.183:8080
60.217.248.150:80
61.135.194.15:80
62.161.48.47:80
62.209.202.19:8080
66.177.28.18:8085
68.68.107.60:29505
69.245.128.197:8085
69.255.255.15:8085
70.180.76.116:8085
71.67.146.16:8085
72.204.130.212:8085
74.208.166.26:80
75.68.128.55:8085
76.124.23.96:8085
78.131.55.151:8080
79.172.227.78:8080
80.233.184.226:8080
81.19.5.107:8080
82.137.195.138:8080
83.216.184.132:8080
83.238.44.32:8080
85.185.20.85:8080
85.198.21.129:8080
85.237.229.18:8080
88.225.220.67:8080
91.103.185.182:80
91.103.90.250:8085
91.103.91.33:8080
93.184.3.198:8080
94.100.90.22:80
94.23.225.230:80
95.129.232.70:8081
95.167.102.235:80
95.169.190.2:80
95.170.219.89:80
95.170.219.89:8080
97.83.10.192:8085
98.214.16.101:8085
98.242.218.146:8085
98.254.242.216:8085
CDMA 800 MHz နဲ႔ အင္တာနက္သုံး
ဖုန္းနဲ႔အင္တာနက္သုံးလို႔ရတယ္
လိုင္းကေလည္း ရွယ္ပဲ ဆိုလို႔ . .ရန္ကုန္ေရာက္တုန္း CDMA 800 MHz ဖုန္းနဲ႔ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာခ်ိတ္ၿပီးေတာ႔ အင္တာနက္သုံးၾကည့္ခဲ႔ပါတယ္။
အစျဖစ္လို႔ပဲလား .? ေစ်းကြက္အရလား .? ဘာေၾကာင့္ရယ္ေတာ႔မသိပါဘူး .. လိုင္းကေတာ႔ေတာ္ေတာ္ေလးကို
ေကာင္းပါတယ္ . . 3Mbps ဆိုေပမယ္႔
ေန႔လယ္ဘက္သုံးၾကည္တာ 2Mbps ေက်ာ္ေက်ာ္တက္ပါတယ္
။ IDM နဲ႔ေဒါင္းလုဒ္ဆြဲၾကည့္ေတာ႔
246 KB/sec ေလာက္တက္တယ္ . .
ယခုလက္ရွိ ျမန္မာတြင္ . .CDMA 800 MHz ဖုန္း၊ CDMA 450 MHz ဖုန္း၊ CDMA 450 MHz(ေနျပည္ေတာ္ဖုန္း) မ်ားကို က်ပ္ေငြ ၅သိန္းျဖင့္ ငွာရမ္းအသုံးျပဳခြင့္ေပးထားၿပီး CDMA 800 MHz ဖုန္းမ်ားတြင္ အင္တာနက္ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ႏိုင္ရန္ က်ပ္ေငြ ၃ ေသာင္းထပ္မံေပးသြင္း၍ ေလွ်ာက္ထားႏိုင္သည္ .. CDMA 450 MHz ဖုန္းမ်ားတြင္ အင္တာနက္မရေသးပါ။ ေနာက္ထပ္ငွားရမ္းခြင့္ေပးမည့္ GSM ငါးသိန္းဖုန္းမ်ားတြင္မူ အင္တာနက္ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈကိုပါ ရရွိမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ေအာ္ .. ေနာက္တစ္ခုက်န္ေသးတယ္ . .မက္စ္ဝဲလ္ (McWiLL) ဖုန္းဆိုၿပီး အင္တာနက္သုံးလို႔ရတဲ႔ ဖုန္းဆုိၿပီး သက္သက္ရွိေသးတယ္ . . .။
ယခုလက္ရွိ ျမန္မာတြင္ . .CDMA 800 MHz ဖုန္း၊ CDMA 450 MHz ဖုန္း၊ CDMA 450 MHz(ေနျပည္ေတာ္ဖုန္း) မ်ားကို က်ပ္ေငြ ၅သိန္းျဖင့္ ငွာရမ္းအသုံးျပဳခြင့္ေပးထားၿပီး CDMA 800 MHz ဖုန္းမ်ားတြင္ အင္တာနက္ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ႏိုင္ရန္ က်ပ္ေငြ ၃ ေသာင္းထပ္မံေပးသြင္း၍ ေလွ်ာက္ထားႏိုင္သည္ .. CDMA 450 MHz ဖုန္းမ်ားတြင္ အင္တာနက္မရေသးပါ။ ေနာက္ထပ္ငွားရမ္းခြင့္ေပးမည့္ GSM ငါးသိန္းဖုန္းမ်ားတြင္မူ အင္တာနက္ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈကိုပါ ရရွိမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ေအာ္ .. ေနာက္တစ္ခုက်န္ေသးတယ္ . .မက္စ္ဝဲလ္ (McWiLL) ဖုန္းဆိုၿပီး အင္တာနက္သုံးလို႔ရတဲ႔ ဖုန္းဆုိၿပီး သက္သက္ရွိေသးတယ္ . . .။
Wi-Fi ကို router ေတြ access points to access point ဘယ္လိုခ်ိတ္
Wi-Fi ကို
router ေတြ access
points to access point ဘယ္လိုခ်ိတ္
- router က Tp-link gigabit router သံုးထားပါတယ္ (DHCP-- 192.168.1.1-192.168.1.200)gateway ကို 192.168.1.100 Y-max လိုင္း၀င္ထားပီး အထြက္ lan ၾကိဳးတစ္ၾကိဳးကို netgear ထဲ၀င္ထားပီးသူ IP ကို 192.168.1.199 ေပးထားပါတယ္ outdoor anter ကို 12 dpi ေထာင္ထားပီး Wi-fi လြင့္္ထားပါတယ္၊ က်န္တစ္ဖက္က 12dpi anter access point Tp-link နဲ႕ဘယ္လိုခ်ိန္ရမလဲမသိ၀ူးျဖစ္ေနပါတယ္
Access Point
Wireless Point-to-Point Bridging
Wireless Multi-Point Bridging
Repeater with Wireless Client Association
Client Mode
Wireless Remote Access Point List
ဘယ္ mode နဲ႕ေပးသံုးရမလဲမတိ----------
TP link access point မွာ Ap-client, Ap-router, AP ပါပါတယ္ ကူညီေပးပါဦး
- router က Tp-link gigabit router သံုးထားပါတယ္ (DHCP-- 192.168.1.1-192.168.1.200)gateway ကို 192.168.1.100 Y-max လိုင္း၀င္ထားပီး အထြက္ lan ၾကိဳးတစ္ၾကိဳးကို netgear ထဲ၀င္ထားပီးသူ IP ကို 192.168.1.199 ေပးထားပါတယ္ outdoor anter ကို 12 dpi ေထာင္ထားပီး Wi-fi လြင့္္ထားပါတယ္၊ က်န္တစ္ဖက္က 12dpi anter access point Tp-link နဲ႕ဘယ္လိုခ်ိန္ရမလဲမသိ၀ူးျဖစ္ေနပါတယ္
Access Point
Wireless Point-to-Point Bridging
Wireless Multi-Point Bridging
Repeater with Wireless Client Association
Client Mode
Wireless Remote Access Point List
ဘယ္ mode နဲ႕ေပးသံုးရမလဲမတိ----------
TP link access point မွာ Ap-client, Ap-router, AP ပါပါတယ္ ကူညီေပးပါဦး
Re: Wi-Fi ကို router ေတြ access points to access point ဘယ္လိုခ်ိတ္
ကိုလသစ္ခြေျပာတဲ့
ပံုစံေလက ဒီလိုသံုးခ်င္တာကိုေျပာတာလာ?
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Re: Wi-Fi ကို router ေတြ access points to access point ဘယ္လိုခ်ိတ္
နဲနဲေျပာၾကည့္မယ္ေနာ္.
က်ေနာ္ လက္ေတြ႔ ဆင္ဖူးပါတယ္။ ပထမ က linksys router , netgear access point ႏွစ္လုံး နဲ႔ line of sight
antena 1 ခု
, omni antena တစ္ခု ေပါင္းျပီး ဆင္ပါတယ္။ ဒုတိယက netgear accepoint ကုိ main root ထားျပီး enginius ႏွင့္ tplink ကုိ client ထားျပီးဆင္ပါတယ္။ အားလုံး working ပါ။ အခုကိုလသစ္ခြေျပာတဲ့ ပုံစံကို ဆင္ရင္ လုိခ်င္တဲ့အေပၚမူတည္ျပီး ေျပာင္းေျပာင္းျပီးဆင္သြားလုိ႔ရပါတယ္။ ဆုိပါစုိ႔။ netgear 192.168.1.199 ကေန multipoint setting ခ်ျပီး လႊတ္ထားရင္ က်န္တဲ့ AP ေတြကလည္း point to point လုိက္ထားျပီး netgear ရဲ႔ mac ကို ထည့္ထားေပးရပါမယ္။ ဒါက netgear ကို main root ထားျပီး client repeater ေတြ ထားတဲ့ပုံစံပါ။ ကိုလသစ္ခြေျပာပုံအရဆုိရင္ ဒီလုိလုိခ်င္ပုံရပါတယ္။
internet--> tp router -> netgear (main root) --> 12 dbi directional (directional antena မဟုတ္လား) လႊတ္ထားပါျပီ
ဒါကို တစ္ေနရာက ျပန္ဖမ္းပါမယ္။
<<--- 12 dbi antena --> tplink AP --> wifi client or wired client to use internet
ဟုတ္တယ္ဟုတ္။
ဒီေနရာမွာ ႏွစ္မ်ဳိးရွိပါတယ္။ tplink AP မွာ Wifi client ေတြ ထပ္သုံးခ်င္သလား ။ ဒါမဟုတ္ Wired Client အတြက္ lan SWITCH ထဲကို တန္းထည့္ ခ်င္သလားဆုိတာပါ။ LAN Switch ထဲကို တန္းထည့္ရင္ သိပ္လုပ္စရာမလုိပါဘူ။ တစ္ခ်ိဳ႔ AP ေတြသည္ function အစုံပါပါတယ္။ ျပသနာက AP type မတူရင္ မွႏ္ေအာင္လုပ္လည္း configure ခ်လည္း မရတတ္ပါဘူး။ အခုကေတာ့ AP client mode နဲ႔ က်ေနာ္ Set up လုပ္ျပပါမယ္။
netgear (192.168.1.119 ) Access Point mode (SSID name ကို moonorchid လုိ႔ေပးပါက)
tplink (192.168.1.120) AP client ( tplink ap တြင္ remote AP (netgear) SSID နာမည္ moonorchid ကိုထည့္ပါ။ သုိ႔မဟုတ္ netgear ရဲ႔ mac address **-**-**-** ကိုအသုံးျပဳထည့္ေပးပါ)
gateway ip ကို router ရဲ႔ ip ျဖစ္ရမွာျဖစ္ျပီး DNS address ေတြသည္လည္း Router ကိုဝင္ေနေသာ wimax dns server address ေတြသာ ျဖစ္ရပါမယ္။ Router တြင္ DHCP server on ထားေသာေၾကာင့္ ဒါေတြက cliet computer ေတြ Auto ရႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ configuratioin တစ္ခုခုေၾကာင့္ ေအာ္တုိ မရႏုိင္ပါက မိမိဘာသာ setting လုပ္ေပးဖုိ႔ လုိအပ္ပါမယ္။ ဘယ္ေလာက္လည္း မေသခ်ာကပါ command line မွ
>ipconfig /all ရဳိက္ျပီး ၾကည့္ရႈပါ။
ဒါဆုိရင္ tplink ကေန lan cable နဲ႔ switch box or hub ထဲထုိးျပီးသုံးပါ။ ေသခ်ာေအာင္ အင္တာနာေတြသည္ ဖမ္းမိႏုိင္ေသာ အကြာအေဝးမွာထားပါ။
ေနာ္ကတစ္နည္းက tplink မွာသာ Repeater mode ပါခဲ့ရင္ tplink ရဲ႕ SSID နာမည္ကိုပါ moonorhid ထည့္ရပါမယ္။ တူဖုိ႔လုိပါတယ္။
Repeater mode တြင္ remote AP ရဲ႔ SSID name ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း mac address ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း ထည့္ဖုိ႔လုိပါမယ္။ တစ္ခ်ုိ႔ AP မ်ားတြင္ line servey feature ပါပါတယ္။ အဲဒါနဲ႔ရွာျပီး ထည့္လုိက္လဲရပါတယ္။
(မွတ္ခ်က္ channel သည္ အားလုံးေသာ AP မ်ားတြက္ တူရပါမယ္။ root က channel11 သုံးရင္ က်န္တဲ့ AP ေတြပါ chanel11 လုိက္သုံးပါ။ root တြင္ key သုံးထားပါက key type ႏွင့္ key bit ေတြ တူေအာင္ ေပးရပါမယ္။ point to point bridging မ်ားတြင္ WEP key သာ အဆင္ေျပတတ္ျပီး WAP key သုံးပါက အဆင္မေျပတတ္ပါ။ WEP key သည္ ဟက္ခံရတတ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီေတာ့ mac address access ကို ခ်ထားေပးဖုိ႔ လုိပါမယ္။ for security resons)
, omni antena တစ္ခု ေပါင္းျပီး ဆင္ပါတယ္။ ဒုတိယက netgear accepoint ကုိ main root ထားျပီး enginius ႏွင့္ tplink ကုိ client ထားျပီးဆင္ပါတယ္။ အားလုံး working ပါ။ အခုကိုလသစ္ခြေျပာတဲ့ ပုံစံကို ဆင္ရင္ လုိခ်င္တဲ့အေပၚမူတည္ျပီး ေျပာင္းေျပာင္းျပီးဆင္သြားလုိ႔ရပါတယ္။ ဆုိပါစုိ႔။ netgear 192.168.1.199 ကေန multipoint setting ခ်ျပီး လႊတ္ထားရင္ က်န္တဲ့ AP ေတြကလည္း point to point လုိက္ထားျပီး netgear ရဲ႔ mac ကို ထည့္ထားေပးရပါမယ္။ ဒါက netgear ကို main root ထားျပီး client repeater ေတြ ထားတဲ့ပုံစံပါ။ ကိုလသစ္ခြေျပာပုံအရဆုိရင္ ဒီလုိလုိခ်င္ပုံရပါတယ္။
internet--> tp router -> netgear (main root) --> 12 dbi directional (directional antena မဟုတ္လား) လႊတ္ထားပါျပီ
ဒါကို တစ္ေနရာက ျပန္ဖမ္းပါမယ္။
<<--- 12 dbi antena --> tplink AP --> wifi client or wired client to use internet
ဟုတ္တယ္ဟုတ္။
ဒီေနရာမွာ ႏွစ္မ်ဳိးရွိပါတယ္။ tplink AP မွာ Wifi client ေတြ ထပ္သုံးခ်င္သလား ။ ဒါမဟုတ္ Wired Client အတြက္ lan SWITCH ထဲကို တန္းထည့္ ခ်င္သလားဆုိတာပါ။ LAN Switch ထဲကို တန္းထည့္ရင္ သိပ္လုပ္စရာမလုိပါဘူ။ တစ္ခ်ိဳ႔ AP ေတြသည္ function အစုံပါပါတယ္။ ျပသနာက AP type မတူရင္ မွႏ္ေအာင္လုပ္လည္း configure ခ်လည္း မရတတ္ပါဘူး။ အခုကေတာ့ AP client mode နဲ႔ က်ေနာ္ Set up လုပ္ျပပါမယ္။
netgear (192.168.1.119 ) Access Point mode (SSID name ကို moonorchid လုိ႔ေပးပါက)
tplink (192.168.1.120) AP client ( tplink ap တြင္ remote AP (netgear) SSID နာမည္ moonorchid ကိုထည့္ပါ။ သုိ႔မဟုတ္ netgear ရဲ႔ mac address **-**-**-** ကိုအသုံးျပဳထည့္ေပးပါ)
gateway ip ကို router ရဲ႔ ip ျဖစ္ရမွာျဖစ္ျပီး DNS address ေတြသည္လည္း Router ကိုဝင္ေနေသာ wimax dns server address ေတြသာ ျဖစ္ရပါမယ္။ Router တြင္ DHCP server on ထားေသာေၾကာင့္ ဒါေတြက cliet computer ေတြ Auto ရႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ configuratioin တစ္ခုခုေၾကာင့္ ေအာ္တုိ မရႏုိင္ပါက မိမိဘာသာ setting လုပ္ေပးဖုိ႔ လုိအပ္ပါမယ္။ ဘယ္ေလာက္လည္း မေသခ်ာကပါ command line မွ
>ipconfig /all ရဳိက္ျပီး ၾကည့္ရႈပါ။
ဒါဆုိရင္ tplink ကေန lan cable နဲ႔ switch box or hub ထဲထုိးျပီးသုံးပါ။ ေသခ်ာေအာင္ အင္တာနာေတြသည္ ဖမ္းမိႏုိင္ေသာ အကြာအေဝးမွာထားပါ။
ေနာ္ကတစ္နည္းက tplink မွာသာ Repeater mode ပါခဲ့ရင္ tplink ရဲ႕ SSID နာမည္ကိုပါ moonorhid ထည့္ရပါမယ္။ တူဖုိ႔လုိပါတယ္။
Repeater mode တြင္ remote AP ရဲ႔ SSID name ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း mac address ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း ထည့္ဖုိ႔လုိပါမယ္။ တစ္ခ်ုိ႔ AP မ်ားတြင္ line servey feature ပါပါတယ္။ အဲဒါနဲ႔ရွာျပီး ထည့္လုိက္လဲရပါတယ္။
(မွတ္ခ်က္ channel သည္ အားလုံးေသာ AP မ်ားတြက္ တူရပါမယ္။ root က channel11 သုံးရင္ က်န္တဲ့ AP ေတြပါ chanel11 လုိက္သုံးပါ။ root တြင္ key သုံးထားပါက key type ႏွင့္ key bit ေတြ တူေအာင္ ေပးရပါမယ္။ point to point bridging မ်ားတြင္ WEP key သာ အဆင္ေျပတတ္ျပီး WAP key သုံးပါက အဆင္မေျပတတ္ပါ။ WEP key သည္ ဟက္ခံရတတ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီေတာ့ mac address access ကို ခ်ထားေပးဖုိ႔ လုိပါမယ္။ for security resons)
Network အေၾကာင္းေလ႔လာခ်င္သူမ်ားအတြက္
ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမွသည္ကြန္ရက္ဆီသို႕
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Network ဘယ္ကစသလဲလုိ႕ေမးလာရင္ေတာ႕ networkအစကြန္ပ်ဴတာကလို႕ေျပာရမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္ ဘာျဖစ္လို႕လဲဆိုေတာ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြမေပၚခင္တုန္းက network ဆိုတာမရွိခဲ႔ပါဘူး နည္းနည္ေလးထပ္ေျပာရရင္ပထမဆံုးကြန္ပ်ဴတာ တစ္လံုးကိုတီထြင္ခဲ႕ခ်ိန္ထိလည္း network ဆိုတာမရွိေသးပါဘူး ဒုတိယေျမာက္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာရယ္လို႕ေပၚလာတဲ႕အခ်ိန္ကစၿပီး တဖက္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ထဲမွာ ရွိေနတဲ႕ ေတြ folder ေတြကို မိမိကြန္ပ်ဴတာထဲမွာရွိေနသကဲ႕သို႕ ထိုင္ရာမထယူငင္အသံုးျပဳႏိုင္ေအာင္နည္းလမ္းအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးတို႕ျဖင္႕ တီထြင္ၾကံဆခဲ႕ၾကတယ္။
သူ႔ရဲ႕သေဘာကေတာ႕ ရွင္းရွင္းေလးပါဘဲ တဖက္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာထဲမွာ ရွိေနတဲ႕ information ေတြကို လူကိုယ္တိုင္ သယ္ေဆာင္ ဖလွယ္စရာမလိုဘဲ ဒီဘက္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာကေနထိုင္ရာမထ ဘဲ ယူႏိုင္သံုးႏိုင္ရင္ အဲ႕ဒါ network ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ထိုကဲ႕သုိ႕ information ေတြတဖက္ႏွင္႕တဖက္ အျပန္အလွန္ဖလွယ္ႏိုင္ေအာင္ ဘာေတြလုိအပ္သလဲ။ကဲ---ဆက္လက္ေလ႕လာၾကရေအာင္။
Network Medium ၾကားခံဆက္သြယ္ေရးပစၥည္းမ်ား
Network Medium ဆိုတာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြကို ကြန္ရက္ရိုက္တဲ႕အခါ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးႏွင္႕တစ္လံုးကိုၾကားခံခ်ိတ္ဆက္ေပးတဲ႕ပစၥည္းကိုေခၚတာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ဒီၾကားခံပစၥည္းဟာ
Network cable ႀကိဳးေတြဘဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ၎တို႕ဟာ Metallic Cable ဒါမွမဟုတ္Fiber Optic Cable တို႕
ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။Metallic Cable ဆိုတာ Coaxial Cable ႏွင္႕ တယ္လီဖုန္းႀကိဳးတို႕ ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။
အဲ႕ဒီအျပင္ခုေနာက္ပိုင္းတြင္ ၾကိဳးေတြကို အသံုးမျပဳ ေတာ႕ဘဲ Wireless ဆိုတဲ႕ ႀကိဳးမဲ႕ကြန္ယက္
ေတြကိုလည္း ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ အသံုးျပဳ လာၾကပါတယ္။ေနာက္တစ္ခုက ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးႏွင္႕တစ္လံုး
က Network ႀကိဳးႏွင္႕ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္တယ္ဆိုေပမယ္႕ ဒီႀကိဳးေတြ လာေရာက္တပ္ဖို႕ကကြန္ပ်ဴတာမွာ
NIC ဆိုတဲ႕ Network Interface Card (Nerwork Card) ေတာ႕ရွိ ရမွာေပါ႕ ။ ဒီေတာ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ
တစ္လံုးႏွင္႕တစ္လံုးသို႕ Network Card ေတြ Network ႀကိဳးေတြ Network ေခါင္းေတြ စတဲ႕
Network Medium ေတြကို အသံုးျပဳ ၿပီး Data ေတြကို Carries လုပ္ၾကတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Network Protocols ဆက္သြယ္ေရးအရာရွိ
ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ တစ္လံုးႏွင္႕တစ္လံုး Network Card ေတြစိုက္ Network ႀကိဳးေတြခ်ိတ္ လုပ္လိုက္ရံုနဲ႕ Network တစ္ခုျဖစ္မလာပါဘူးcomputer တစ္လံုး communicate ျဖစ္ဖို႕ရာ အျခားကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးနဲ႕ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မိသြားဘို႕ဆိုတာ rule ေလးတစ္ခုေလာက္ ေတာ႕လိုတယ္ေနာ္။ဆိုတာ အျခားတစ္ဘက္က ေျပာလိုက္တာကို တစ္ဖက္က ဘယ္လိုဘာသာျပန္လဲေပါ႕ ေနာက္ၿပီး တစ္ဘက္နဲ႕တစ္ဘက္ ဘယ္လို initiate လုပ္ၾကလဲေပါ႕ ဒီလို Network တစ္ခုမွာကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြ တစ္လံုးႏွင္႕တစ္လံုးၾကားCommunicate လုပ္ဖို႕က ဥပေဒသ ေတြ rule ေတြပါတဲ႕ software တစ္ခုလိုသဗ်။ ဒါဟာဘာလဲဆိုေတာ႕ Protocols ဘဲေပါ႕။ Protocols ဆိုတာ ကCommunicate ကိုထိန္းခ်ဴပ္ေပးတဲ႕ Software တစ္ခု ျဖစ္တယ္။
ဒီေတာ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးႏွင္႕တစ္လံုး ၾကိဳးေလးခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားရံု Network Card ေတြ တပ္ထားရံုနဲ႕မၿပီး ဘဲ Communicate ျဖစ္္ေျမာက္ဘို႕အတြက္ Protocol ဆိုတာလိုအပ္တယ္။
ဥပမာ--
(၁) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Inernet Protocol)
(၂) NetBEUI( Net BIOS Extend User Interface)
(၃) IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange /Sequence Packets Exchange ) စသည္
တို႕ျဖစ္ၾကတယ္။ တစ္ျခား သံုးတာေတြလည္းရွိပါေသးတယ္
Network Software ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္မည္႔စနစ္
Network ကိုကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးႏွင္႕တစ္လံုးခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားရံုနဲ႕ NIC card ေတြတပ္ဆင္ထားရံုနဲ႕ ေနာက္ Protocol ေလးတင္ထားရံုနဲ႕ တင္မရပါဘူး ။ကိုယ္တပ္ဆင္မယ္႕ Network က Client / Sever Network မ်ိဳး ဆုိရင္ေပါ႕။ အဲ႕ဒီလိုClient / Sever Network ေတြမွာဆိုရင္ Network ၾကိဳးေတြNetwork Card ေတြ Network Protocol ေတြနဲ႕တင္မလံုေလာက္ေတာ႕ပါဘူး။Network Software ဆိုတာၾကီးကလဲလိုလာျပန္ပါတယ္။ အဲ႕ဒီNetwork Software ဆိုတာတျခားမဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ Network Operation System (NOS) ပါဘဲ။ဒီ NOS ဟာ ဘယ္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ၊ဘယ္အသံုးျပဳသူ User ကေတာ႕ျဖင္႕ Network ရဲ႕ဘယ္ Resoures ကို အသံုးျပဳမယ္ စတာေတြကို ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ေပးရပါတယ္။ အဲ႕ဒီ NOS ေတြက ေတာ႕ဥပမာအားျဖင္႕ Microsoft Windows NT,Microsoft Windows Server 2003 စတာေတြေပါ႕ ။အဲ႕ဒီထဲမွာမွ Windows NT Server ,Windows Server 2003 ,Novell Netware 5.1 တို႕ဟာ Serverversion ေတြျဖစ္ၾကၿပီး တဖက္က Client ေတြကေတာ႕ Microsoft Windows NT Workstations, Windows 2000 Professional ,Window XP, တို႕ျဖစ္ႏိုင္
ၾကပါတယ္။
Network Services ကြန္ရက္၀န္ေဆာင္မႈ
Network Services ဆိုတာ ကြန္ရက္က လုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးႏိုင္တဲ႕ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈေတြ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္ အဲ႕ဒါေတြကေတာ႕
၁) File Services
၂) Print Services
၃) Communication Services
၄) Electronic Mail တို႕ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။
ဒီ Services ေတြကို ဘယ္သူကဘယ္သူ႕ကို ေပးသလဲေနတာလဲ။ ဒါလဲသိဖို႕လိုတယ္။ဒီေတာ႕ ဒီ ေနရာမွာ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကို ပံ႕ပိုးသူနဲ႕ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကိုေတာင္းဆိုတဲ႕သူ ဆိုၿပီးရွိပါတယ္။ Services Providers နဲ႕ Services Requester ေပါ႕ဗ်ာ။ Service Provider ဆိုတာ က၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကိုပံ႕ပိုးတဲ႕သူ ။Services Requester ဆိုတာက ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကို ေတာင္းဆိုတဲ႕သူ အလိုရွိတဲ႕သူေပါ႔။ ဥပမာေျပာရရင္ လၻက္ရည္ဆိုင္မွာ ေပါ႔ စားသံုးသူလာမယ္။ လၻက္ရည္မွာမယ္။မုန္႕မွာမယ္။ ဒါ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကိုေတာင္းဆိုတာဘဲ။ Services Requester ေပါ႔ စားေသာက္ဆိုင္က စားသံုးသူကို ပံ႕ပိုးေပးရတာဆိုေတာ႕ Service Provider ေပါ႕ ။Services Requester ေတြက ႀကိဳက္တဲ႕ မုန္႕ကိုႀကိဳက္သလိုမွာစားလို႕ရတယ္။ အဲ႕ဒီအျပင္မွာစားတဲ႕အေရအတြက္ေရာ မွာ စားတဲ႕ဦးေရေကာမ်ားမွာ ျဖစ္တယ္။ ဒါေပမယ္႕ လၻက္ရည္ဆိုင္ကေတာ႕တစ္ဆိုင္တည္း ။ ဒီေတာ႕ Services Requester မွာ မွာသမွ် ကိုအားလံုး မလစ္ဟင္းေအာင္ လုပ္ေပးႏိုင္ဘို႕က Service Provider ကအင္အားေတာင္႕တင္းေနမွ ျဖစ္မွာေပါ႔။ Service Provider ႏွင္႕ Services Requester မွာေအာက္ပါတုိ႕ပါ၀င္ပါတယ္။
သူတို႕ကေတာ႕
၁) Server သူကေတာ႕ Service Provider သက္သက္ပါ
၂) Client သူကေတာ႕ Service Requester သက္သက္ပါ ။ဘယ္သူကိုမွ Service Provider မလုပ္ပါဘူး
၃) Peer သူက ေတာ႕ Service Provider လဲလုပ္ပါတယ္။ Service Requester လဲလုပ္ပါတယ္။
Network Types ကြန္ရက္အမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ား
ကြန္ရက္အမ်ိဳးအစားကိုခြဲျပရမယ္ဆိုရင္ (၂)မ်ိဳးရွိသဗ်။ အဲ႕ဒါကေတာ႕
၁။ Peer to Peer Network
၂။ Client Server Network (Server ကို Based အေျချပဳထားေသာ Network)
ရယ္လို႕ (၂)မ်ိဳး ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒီမွာေတာ႕ ကၽြန္ေတာ္က Server Based Network ကိုဘဲ အဓိက ထာားေဖာ္ျပသြားမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
အဲ႕ ဒီ ဆာဗာ ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးလံုးအေၾကာင္းကိုမေလ႕လာခင္႕မွာ Server ဆိုတာဘာလဲ Workstation ဆိုတာဘာလဲ စတာေတြကို တင္ျပခ်င္တယ္။
Server ပံ႕ပိုးမည္႕သူ
Server ဆိုတာ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈ ေတာင္းဆိုတဲ႕သူေတြကို ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈ ပံ႕ပိုး ေပးရတဲ႕ အလုပ္ေတြကို လုပ္ ပါတယ္။ သူကတစ္ဖက္ သတ္ပါ။ သူကေန ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈ ျပန္မယူပါဘူး သူက ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈ ေပးတဲ႕အလုပ္ကိုပဲ လုပ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ္႕ လၻက္ရည္ဆိုင္ဥပမာအတိုင္း ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကိုေတာင္းဆို မယ္႕သူ ကေတာင္းသေလာက္ ေပးႏိုင္ေအာင္Server က အင္အားေတာင္႕ တင္းဖို႕လိုပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ Multi Processor သံုးဘို႕လိုေကာင္းလိုမယ္။ RAM က ECC ပါဘို႕လိုေကာင္းလိုမယ္။ Hard Disk က SCSI ျဖစ္ ဖို႕လိုေကာင္းလိုမယ္။အျမင္႕ဆံုးနဲ႕ အျမန္ဆံုးျဖစ္ဘို႕လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ေအာက္မွာ Server အမ်ိဳးအစားေတြကို ေဖာ္ျပေပးထားပါတယ္။ Server တစ္မ်ိဳးခ်င္းစီဟာ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ တာ၀န္တစ္ခု ကိုပဲလုပ္ၾကပါတယ္။
၁) File Server ဖိုင္မ်ားကိုသိမ္းဆည္းေပးထားျခင္း ႏွင္႕ေတာင္းခံရင္းျဖန္႕ျဖဴးျခင္း
၂) Print Server ကြန္ရက္မွာရွိတဲ႕ Print မ်ားကိုထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ျခင္းႏွင္႔ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ျခင္း
၃) Proxy Server တျခား ကြန္ပ်ဴတာကိုယ္စားလွယ္ လုပ္ငန္းေတြကို လုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးထားပါတယ္။ဆိုလိုတာက ကိုယ္စားလိုဆိုလိုခ်င္တာပါ။
၄) Application Server -ကြန္ရက္မွာ အသံုးျပဳမယ္႕ Application ေတြနဲ႔ပတ္သက္လို႕ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈ ေပးထားပါတယ္။
၅) Web Server - Web Page နဲ႕တျခား Web Content ေတြကို သိမ္းထားေပးျခင္း ႏွင္႕ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ကိုအသံုးျပဳၿပီးေတာ႕ လိုရာသို႕ ေပးပို႕ျခင္း။
၆) Mail Server - Email မ်ားကိုလက္ခံျခင္းႏွင္႕ ေပးပို႕ျခင္းတို႕ကို လုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးျခင္း။ အဲ႕ဒီအျပင္ Fax Server ,Remote Access Server ,Telephone Server တို႕ဆုိတာရွိပါေသးတယ္။
Workstation ေတာင္းခံမယ္႕သူ
Workstation ဆိုတာ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈေတာင္းဆိုတဲ႕သူျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီေနရာမွာ Workstation ဆိုတာနဲ႕ Client ဆိုတာကြဲျပားေအာင္ေျပာဆိုရပါအံုးမယ္။ ကြန္ရက္မွာ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားတာေတြက ကြန္ပ်ဴတာခ်ည္း ပဲဟုတ္ခ်င္မွ ဟုတ္ပါလိမ္႕မယ္။ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအျပင္ ပရင္တာေတြလည္းပါႏိုင္တယ္ေလ။ ကြန္ရက္တခုမွာ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ေတြကို ေတာင္းခံသူအားလံုး ဟာ Clientပါ ။ဆိုလိုခ်င္တာက ကြန္ရက္မွာရွိတဲ႕ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ေတြကို ေတာင္းဆိုသူတိုင္းပါ ။ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ၊ပရင္တာအားလံုးေပါ႕ ။ဒါ Client ပဲ။ ဒါေပမယ္႕ Workstation ဆိုတာကြန္ရက္ထဲက ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကုိေတာင္းခံသူ ကြန္ပ်ဴ တာေတြပါဘဲ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမဟုတ္တဲ႕ ေတာင္းခံသူကိုေတာ႕ Client လို႕ေခၚၿပီးေတာ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဆိုရင္ေတာ႕ Workstaion လို႕ေခၚပါတယ္။ ဒီေတာ႕ Workstationတိုင္းဟာ Client ျဖစ္တယ္။Client တိုင္းဟာ Workstation မဟုတ္ဘူး။
Peer to Peer Networking ဆိုတာ
Peer to Peer Networking ဆိုတာ ကြန္ရက္အတြင္းမွာရွိတဲ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြဟာ တစ္ခ်ိန္မွာ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကိုေတာင္း
ခံၿပီးေတာ႕ တစ္ခ်ိန္မွာ သူဟာတစ္ျခားသူေတာင္းခံတဲ႕ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကို ပံ႕ပိုးေပးတဲ႕သူ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ဆိုလိုတာက
သူလိုေနတဲ႕အခ်ိန္မွာ ကိုယ္ကပံ႕ပိုးေပးၿပီးေတာ႕ ကိုယ္လိုေနတဲ႕ အခ်ိန္မွာ က်ေတာ႕ ကိုယ္က ျပန္ေတာင္းခံရျပန္ေကာ
ဒီေတာ႕ Peer Network မွာ ကိုယ္က ေတာင္းခံတဲ႕သူလည္းျဖစ္ႏိုင္တယ္။ ပံ႕ပိုးတဲ႕သူလည္းျဖစ္ႏိုင္တယ္။ ေတာင္းခံတဲ႕
အခါက်ေတာ႕ ကိုယ္က Client ေပါ႕ ပံ႔ပိုးတဲ႕အခါက်ေတာ႕ ကိုယ္က Server ျဖစ္သြားျပန္ေရာ ။ ဒီေတာ႕ Peer Network
မွာ Decidated Server ဆိုတာမရွိဘူး ။ Decidated Server ဆုိတာ အဲ႕ဒီကြန္ပ်ဴတာက တစ္ခ်ိန္လံုး Server အလုပ္
ႀကီးကိုဘဲ သက္သက္လုပ္ေနတာကို ေျပာတာ။အဲ႕ဒီလိုမရွိဘူး။တစ္ခ်ိန္မွာ ကိုယ္ကေတာင္းခံရင္း Client ျဖစ္သြားသလို
တစ္ခ်ိန္မွာ ကိုယ္က ပံ႕ပိုးရင္ Server ျဖစ္သြားျပန္တယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင္႕ Peer Network ကို Workgroup လို႕လဲ ေခၚတယ္။
ဆိုလိုတာက သူငယ္ခ်င္းကိုကိုယ္က စာျပေပးတယ္။သူနားမလည္လို႕ထားပါေတာ႕ ဒီေတာ႕ကိုယ္က Server တစ္ခါ ၊
ကိုယ္နားမလည္ စာၾကေတာ႕ ကိုယ္က ျပန္ေမးရျပန္ေရာ။ ဒီအခါကိုယ္က Client ျဖစ္သြား ၿပီ။
ဒီေတာ႕ေျပာခ်င္တာက Peer Network မွာ Server ဆိုၿပီး သက္သက္မရွိဘူး။စက္တလံုးဟာ Server လည္းျဖစ္သြားႏိုင္သလို Client လည္းျဖစ္သြားႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ Centralized စနစ္မဟုတ္ဘူး။ ဗဟိုကေန ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ေပးတဲ႕စနစ္မဟုတ္ဘူး ဒီေတာ႕ အသံုးျပဳသူ User ဟာ သူ႕ကြန္ပ်ဴတာထဲမွာ ရွိတဲ႕ Resourse ေတြကို အသံုးျပဳခ်င္တယ္ဆိုရင္ Local Userဟုေခၚၿပီး ဒီကေန တျခား ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဆီက Resourse ေတြကိုဘဲ အသံုးျပဳတယ္ဆိုရင္ ဒါကို Remote User လို႕ ေခၚပါတယ္။
ေနာက္တစ္ခုက Peer Network အတြက္ NOS ဆိုတဲ႕ Network Operation System သီးျခားမလိုအပ္ပါဘူး ။ကိုယ္႕စက္မွာ အသံုးျပဳေနတဲ႕ Microsoft Windows နဲ႕တင္ Peer Network တစ္ခုကို တည္ေဆာက္လို႕ရ ေနပါၿပီ။
ေနာက္တစ္ခုထပ္ေျပာခ်င္တာက Peer Network တစ္ခုမွာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ(၅)လံုး ရွိရင္ အဲ႕ဒီ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ၅လံုး စလံုး က အေၾကာင္းအရာ ေတြကို ကိုယ္စီကိုယ္ငွ Share လုပ္ထားၾကပါတယ္။ ဒီကြန္ပ်ဴတာ တစ္လံုးကအေၾကာင္းအရာကို အျခား
တစ္လံုးက ေခၚၾကည္႕လိုရသလို တတိယေျမာက္ လူကလည္းတျခားကြန္ပ်ဴတာ တစ္လံုးဆီက အေၾကာင္းအရာ ကိုယူၾကည္႕လို႕ ရျပန္ေရာ ။တကယ္႕ကိုအတြင္းသိအဆင္းသိ ေတြေပါ႕။ ဒါေၾကာင္႕ သူက Sharing ေတာ႕ေကာင္းတယ္။
Security အရမေကာင္းဘူး။ Security လိုအပ္တဲ႕ ေနရာေတြမွာ Peer Network ကို မသံုးသင္႕ဘူး။ေနာက္ၿပီး Peer Net
work က ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအလံုးေရသိပ္မ်ားလားရင္လည္းမေကာင္းေတာ႕ဘူး။
အခ်ဳပ္ေျပာရရင္ Peer Network မွာခ်ိတ္ဆက္ ထားတဲ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြက လုပ္ပိုင္ခြင္႕ဆိုတဲ႕ Rights ကိုတူညီစြာ ပိုင္ဆိုင္ၾကပါတယ္။ တစ္လံုးတည္းမွာပဲ လုပ္ပိုင္ခြင္႕ကို Centralized လုပ္ထားတာမ်ိဳး မရွိပါဘူး။ ကိုယ္က တျခား တစ္ေယာက္စီကအခ်က္အလက္ေတြကိုလိုခ်င္တဲ႕အခါ မွာကုိယ္က ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကို ေတာင္းခံတဲ႕ သူျဖစ္သြားျပီး တျခားသူက ကိုယ္႕ဆီက အခ်က္အလက္ေတြကို ျပန္လိုခ်င္တဲ႕အခါ ကိုယ္က ကပံ႔ပိုးျပန္ျဖစ္သြားျပန္ေရာ တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕လုပ္ငန္းေတြမွာ အခ်က္အလက္ေတြကိုကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးႏွင္႕ တစ္လံုးဖလွယ္ ဖို႕လိုအပ္ ေသာ္လည္း လုပ္ငန္းသေဘာအရ အခ်က္အလက္ လံုၿခံဳဖို႕မလိုအပ္ပါက အခုလိုPeer to Peer Network ဆင္ရံုနဲ႕လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ဆိုလိုခ်င္တာက Peer to Peer ဟာအခ်က္အလက္ေတြကို ဖလွယ္လို႕ရေသာ္လည္းSecurity အရ ဆိုရင္အားနည္းလို႕ပါ။ ေနာက္ၿပီး Network Operation System သီးျခားမလိုအပ္ပါဘူး။
Peer Network ၏ေကာင္းက်ိဳးမ်ား
၁။ လြယ္ကူစြာတပ္ဆင္ႏိုင္ျခင္းႏွင္႕ Configure လုပ္ႏိုင္ျခင္း
၂။ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ တစ္လံုးျခင္းစီကိုက Dedicated Server ေပၚမမွီခိုဘဲသီးျခားစီရပ္တည္ႏိုင္ျခင္း။
၃။ အသံုးျပဳသူတစ္ဦးခ်င္းစီကိုက ကိုယ္႕ပိုင္ဆိုင္မႈမ်ားကို ခြဲေ၀ေပးျခင္း။
၄။ ကုန္က်စရိတ္သက္သာျခင္း ။
၅။ သီးျခားပစၥည္းမ်ား Software မ်ားမလိုအပ္ျခင္း။ ဥပမာ Network Operation System
၆။ ၎ Network ၾကီးပံုမွန္ အလုပ္လုပ္ေနေအာင္သီးျခား Administarator မလိုအပ္ျခင္း။
Peer Network ၏အားနည္းခ်က္မ်ား
၁။ Security အားနည္းျခင္း
၂။ ခြဲေ၀အသံုးျပဳမည္႕ Resourse မ်ားသည္ Single Password ႏွင္႕မထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ႏိုင္ျခင္း
၃။ Data မ်ားကို Backup ျပဳလုပ္ရာတြင္လည္း ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးခ်င္းစီ မွသီးျခားစီျပဳလုပ္
ေနရျခင္း
၄။ အသံုးျပဳသူတစ္ဦးက အျခားကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးစီမွ Resourse မ်ားကိုလွမ္းယူလိုက္တုိင္း
အသံုးခံရသည္႕ တစ္နည္းအားျဖင္႕ ပံ႔ပိုးေပးရသည္႕ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမွာ Performance က်သြားျခင္း
၅။ အျပန္အလွန္ဖလွယ္ ေနျခင္းေၾကာင္႕ ဗဟိုထိန္းခ်ဳပ္မႈစနစ္မရွိျခင္း။
၆။ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ (၁၀) လံုးထက္ ပို၍အသံုးျပဳလွ်င္ မသင္႕ေတာ္ျခင္းတုိ႕ေၾကာင္႕ျဖစ္သည္။
Server Based Network ဆိုတာ
ကြန္ရက္တစ္ခုမွာ အသံုးျပဳတဲ႕သူေတြကိုလိုအပ္တာေတြပံ႔ပိုးေပးဖို႕သီးျခား Dedicated Server ထိုင္လိုက္ၿပီဆိုရင္ေတာ႕ဒါဟာ Server Based Network ျဖစ္သြားၿပီေပါ႕ ။Server Based Network ဆိုတာကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႕သိခဲ႕ၾကတဲ႕ Client Server Nerwork ပါဘဲ။ဒီ Network ေတြမွာဆိုရင္ resources ေတြေပးသံုးေပမယ္႕ ကၽြန္ပ်ဴတာ(Server) ႏွင္႕ resources ေတြယူသံုးမယ္႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ(Client)ဆိုၿပီး ကြဲျပားမႈရွိလာပါတယ္။တကယ္႕ Client /Server Network အစစ္ေတြမွာဆိုရင္ resource ေတြကို server ကြန္ပ်ဴတာထဲမွသာ ထားရွိၿပီး၎တို႕ကိုClient ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ားမွ access လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ Client ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအခ်င္းခ်င္း တိုက္ရိုက္ Share ေပးလို႕မရပါဘူး။Server ကိုၾကားခံအျဖစ္ အသံုးျပဳရပါတယ္။ Network အတြင္း Login ၀င္ေရာက္အသံုးျပဳခြင္႕ရရန္ လိုအပ္တဲ႕ username,password တို႕ႏွင္႕ Login ၀င္ေရာက္ၿပီးတဲ႕အခါ ဘယ္ folder ေတြကိုဖြင္႕ၾကည္႕ခြင္႕ရွိတယ္ မရွိဘူးအစရွိတဲ႕ access right ေတြကို database ေဆာက္ၿပီး server ကြန္ပ်ဴတာထဲမွာ သိမ္းဆည္းထားပါတယ္။ဒါေၾကာင္႕ Client/Server Network ထဲမွာရွိတဲ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ားသည္ ကိုယ္တုိင္စီမံပိုင္ခြင္႕ မရွိၾကပါဘူး decision အားလံုးကို ဗဟုိကေနၿပီးထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ပါတယ္။ေနာက္တစ္ခုက Sever Based Network ေတြဟာ NOS ကိုလိုအပ္ပါတယ္။
၎ NOS ကို Server မွာ Install လုပ္ရမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အခ်ဳပ္ေျပာရရင္ Client Server Network မွာေတာ႕ ကြန္ရက္ႀကီးတစ္ခုလံုးကို စက္တလံုးက Network Operating System ကိုအသံုးျပဳၿပီး ေတာ႕ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ေနပါတယ္။အဲ႕ဒီစက္ကေတာ႕ Server ပဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Server မွာဘဲ အသံုးျပဳမယ္႕ User Accounts ေတြ Passwords ေတြ လုပ္ပိုင္ခြင္႕ Access Rights ေတြကို Centralized အေနနဲ႕သိမ္းထားတာေၾကာင္႕ကြန္ရက္ကိုခ်ဳပ္ကိုင္ရတာလြယ္ကူၿပီး Security တင္းက်ပ္မႈရွိလွပါတယ္။ အဲ႕ဒီလိုျဖစ္စဥ္ကို Microsoft Windows NT, Windows Server 2000 or2003 မွာ ၎ကို Domain Model လို႕ေခၚပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားျဖင္႕ ၎ကို Active Directory လို႕ေခၚပါတယ္။ထပ္ၿပီးရွင္းျပပါအံုးမယ္။ Sever Based Network ေတြဟာ Single Logon ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ဆိုလိုတာက အဲ႕ဒီလူတစ္ေယာက္ ဟာဘယ္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ထိုင္ထိုင္ဒီ Logon ေလးတစ္ခုကိုဘဲအသံုးျပဳၿပီး၀င္လို႕ရပါတယ္။ဆိုလိုတာက အဲ႕ဒီ User ေတြဟာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအလံုး (၂၀) ရွိလို႕ အဲ႕ဒီကြန္ပ်ဴတာတိုင္းမွာ ထိုင္သံုးလို႕ Logon Nameအခု(၂၀) ရွိစရာမလိုပါဘူး Logon Name တစ္ခုတည္းနဲ႕ပဲမည္သည္႕ စက္ကေနမဆို Access လုပ္လို႕ရပါတယ္။ဒါဟာထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ရတာ အင္မတန္လြယ္ကူသြားတာေပါ႕ ။ဒါကိုဘဲ Centralized ဗဟုိထိန္းခ်ဳပ္မႈစနစ္ လို႕ေခၚတာပါ။ Peer Network က်ေတာ႕ အဲ႕ဒီလို မဟုတ္။အဲ႕ဒီလူတစ္ေယာက္ဟာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအလံုး ၂၀ ရွိလို႕ အဲ႕ဒီအလံုးေပါက္ေစ႕တိုင္းမွာ ထိုင္သံုးတဲ႕အခါမွာ Logon Name နဲ႕ Password ကိုတစ္ခုမက အမ်ားၾကီးသံုးလို႕ရတယ္။
Sever Based Network ၏ေကာင္းက်ိဳးမ်ား
၁။ User Account, Security,Access Control စတာေတြဟာဗဟိုထိန္းခ်ဳပ္မႈျဖစ္တာေတြေၾကာင္႕ ကြန္ရက္ကိုအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ရတာလြယ္ပါတယ္။
၂။ Server ကိုသက္သက္ထားၿပီး တကယ္႕ကိုစြမ္းအားျမင္႕ ပစၥည္းေတြကို သံုးထားတာေၾကာင္႕ Network ရဲ႕ Resources ကိုသံုးစြဲရာမွာ Efficient ျဖစ္ေစပါတယ္။
၃။ Network မွာရွိတဲ႕ Resources ေတြကို သံုးစြဲတဲ႕အခါမွာ Network ကိုLogon တစ္ခါ၀င္ထားရံုနဲ႕လုပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
၄။ အသံုးျပဳမႈမ်ားသည္ျဖစ္ေစ အရင္းအျမစ္မ်ားကို အသံုးခ်မႈမ်ားသည္ျဖစ္ေစ Server Based Network က Handle လုပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ
Sever Based Network ၏ အားနည္းခ်က္မ်ား
၁။ အဆိုးရြားဆံုးကေတာ႕ Sever Failure ျဖစ္သြားရင္ Network ႀကီးတစ္ခုလံုး အလုပ္လုပ္လို႕မရေအာင္ ျဖစ္သြားေတာ႕တာပါဘဲ။
၂။ ကုန္က်စရိတ္ေတြပိုမ်ားပါတယ္။ ကၽြမ္းက်င္၀န္ထမ္းေတြလည္း ရွိဘို႕လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ဘာလို႕လည္းဆိုေတာ႕ Sever ကိုသီးသန္႕ ထားရျခင္း ၎အတြက္ NOS မ်ားတပ္ဆင္ရျခင္းတို႕ေၾကာင္႕ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Sever Based Network ကိုအေၾကာင္းျပဳၿပီး ပိုၿပီးနားလည္သြားေအာင္ Domain Model ႏွင္႕ WorkGroup Model ကိုဆက္ၿပီးရွင္းပါ႕မယ္။
Workgroup Model -သူက Single Point မဟုတ္ဘူး။Windows NT ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးခ်င္းစီမွာ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ Directory နဲ႕ Database ရွိရမယ္အသံုးျပဳသူဟာ Logon လုပ္လိုက္တာနဲ႕ လက္ရွိအသံုးျပဳေနတဲ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာထဲ မွာဘဲ Database ကိုသြားစစ္ၿပီး၀င္ခြင္႕ေပးလိုက္ပါတယ္။ ဒီေတာ႕
အဲ႕ဒီ အသံုးျပဳသူဟာ ေနာက္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးကိုသြားၿပီး အသံုးျပဳေတာ႕မယ္ဆိုရင္ အဲ႕ဒီအသံုးျပဳသူရဲ႕ Database တစ္နည္းအားျဖင္႕ Accounts ဟာ အဲ႕ဒီစက္မွာလည္းရွိေနပါတယ္။ မရွိရင္သံုးလို႕မရဘူး။ဒါေၾကာင္႕မို႕ Single Point မဟုတ္ဘူးလို႕ေျပာတာ။
Domain Model -လုိအပ္တဲ႕ Directory Services Database ကို Domain Controller မွာ ဘံုထားၿပီး အသံုးျပဳသူေတြက Share လုပ္ၿပီးသံုးပါတယ္။ဒါေၾကာင္႕ဒါဟာ Single Adminstartion ပါဘဲ။
Server မ်ား
Server ဆိုသည္မွာလည္းအသံုးခ်မႈအေပၚ မူတည္ၿပီးအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ရွိပါတယ္။ ဆိုလိုတာက Server တစ္လံုးထဲကိုလုပ္ငန္း
မ်ိဳးစံုသံုးေနရင္ မႏိုင္မနင္းျဖစ္မွစိုးတဲ႕အတြက္ေၾကာင္႕မို႕လို႕ လုပ္ငန္းအေပၚမူတည္ၿပီး Server ေတြလည္းကြဲျပားပါတယ္။
Domain Controller (Directory Server) အေၾကာင္း
၎ Server ေတြမွာDirectory Services ဆိုတာရွိတယ္။သူကဘာလုပ္ေပးလည္းဆိုေတာ႕ အသံုးျပဳသူေတြကို Network မွာရွိတဲ႕ Resources ေတြကိုအသံုးခ်ရာ၌ လံုျခံဳစိတ္ခ်မႈရွိေအာင္ စိစစ္ေပးရ ျခင္း ၎တို႕ႏွင္႔ပတ္သက္တဲ႕ Infor-
Mation ေတြကိုသိမ္းဆည္းေပးျခင္းစတာေတြကို လုပ္ေဆာင္ရပါတယ္။အသံုးျပဳသူေတြဟာ ကြန္ရက္အတြင္းမွာ ရွိတဲ႕ဘယ္
Resources ကိုမဆိုသံုးႏိုင္ေအာင္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြကို Logical နည္းအရ ေပါင္းစည္းထားပါတယ္။ အဲ႕ဒါကို Domain လို႕ေခၚ
ပါတယ္။ ဘယ္ User မဆိုသက္ဆိုင္ရာ Domain အဖြဲ႕၀င္ႏိုင္ငံျဖစ္ႏိုင္ၿပီး ၎ Domain အတြင္းရွိ Resources မ်ားႏွင္႕ Information မ်ားကိုယူသံုးႏိုင္စြမ္းရွိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ္႕ အဲ႕ဒီအသံုးျပဳသူဟာ Domain ကို Logging လုပ္ရမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အဲ႕ဒီလို Logging လုပ္ဘို႕ Logon Services ေတြကြန္ပ်ဴတာႏွင္႕ User ေတြကို Domain ထဲမွာ စုစည္းေပးထားတဲ႔ တနည္း
အားျဖင္႕ Handle လုပ္ေပးတဲ႔ Server ကို Controller သို႕မဟုတ္ Directory Server လို႕ေခၚပါတယ္။
File and Print Server အေၾကာင္း
File and Print Server ကေတာ႕ အဓိကအားျဖင္႕ Network မွာ File ေတြကိုသိမ္းေပးထားျခင္းျပန္ေခၚျခင္းစတဲ႕၀န္
ေဆာင္မႈေတြ Network Printer ေတြကိုအသံုးျပဳမႈစတာေတြကို အဓိကထားပံ႕ပိုးေပးရတာျဖစ္တယ္။၎ဟာအသံုးခ်မယ္႕
Software ေတြကိုအသံုးျပဳသူဟာမိမိထိုင္ေနတဲ႕ စက္မွာပင္အသံုးျပဳႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ Datafile ေတြကိုသိမ္းဆည္းတဲ႕အခါၾကေတာ႕
File Server မွာသြားသိမ္းေစတာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ၎ File and Print Server ေတြကို File Storage အတြက္လည္းအသံုးျပဳႏိုင္ပါ
တယ္။
Application Server အေၾကာင္း
Application Server က်ေတာ႕ Client Server Application ေတြကိုအသံုးျပဳသူ Client ေတြဘက္က အသံုးခ်လို႕ရ
ေအာင္ Server ဘက္ကပံ႕ပိုးေပးတာျဖစ္တယ္။ အဲ႕ဒီအျပင္သူက ဥပမာ Database Server ဆိုပါေတာ႕-- လိုအပ္တဲ႕ Data
ေတြကို analysis လုပ္ျခင္းႏွင္႕ ရွာေဖြမႈေတြျဖစ္တဲ႕ Qurey Processing ေတြကိုဘဲပံ႕ပိုးေပးတာမဟုတ္ဘဲ အဲ႕ဒီ Database
ႀကီးရဲ႕ေျမာက္မ်ားစြာလွစြာေသာ Data ေတြကိုပါ သိုေလွာင္သိမ္းဆည္းထားရာဌာနအျဖစ္လည္းလုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးပါတယ္။
ေနာက္တစ္ခုက Application Server ေတြဟာ File and Print Server ေတြနဲ႕မတူညီတဲ႕အခ်က္ ကသူဟာလုပ္ငန္းအတြက္
လုပ္ေဆာင္ရာမွာ လိုအပ္တဲ႕ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈေတြ ကိုပံ႕ပိုးေပးရံုသာမက Client ေတြဘက္က Fiile and Print Server ေတြကို
လည္းပံ႔ပိုးတယ္။
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Network ဘယ္ကစသလဲလုိ႕ေမးလာရင္ေတာ႕ networkအစကြန္ပ်ဴတာကလို႕ေျပာရမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္ ဘာျဖစ္လို႕လဲဆိုေတာ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြမေပၚခင္တုန္းက network ဆိုတာမရွိခဲ႔ပါဘူး နည္းနည္ေလးထပ္ေျပာရရင္ပထမဆံုးကြန္ပ်ဴတာ တစ္လံုးကိုတီထြင္ခဲ႕ခ်ိန္ထိလည္း network ဆိုတာမရွိေသးပါဘူး ဒုတိယေျမာက္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာရယ္လို႕ေပၚလာတဲ႕အခ်ိန္ကစၿပီး တဖက္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ထဲမွာ ရွိေနတဲ႕ ေတြ folder ေတြကို မိမိကြန္ပ်ဴတာထဲမွာရွိေနသကဲ႕သို႕ ထိုင္ရာမထယူငင္အသံုးျပဳႏိုင္ေအာင္နည္းလမ္းအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးတို႕ျဖင္႕ တီထြင္ၾကံဆခဲ႕ၾကတယ္။
သူ႔ရဲ႕သေဘာကေတာ႕ ရွင္းရွင္းေလးပါဘဲ တဖက္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာထဲမွာ ရွိေနတဲ႕ information ေတြကို လူကိုယ္တိုင္ သယ္ေဆာင္ ဖလွယ္စရာမလိုဘဲ ဒီဘက္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာကေနထိုင္ရာမထ ဘဲ ယူႏိုင္သံုးႏိုင္ရင္ အဲ႕ဒါ network ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ထိုကဲ႕သုိ႕ information ေတြတဖက္ႏွင္႕တဖက္ အျပန္အလွန္ဖလွယ္ႏိုင္ေအာင္ ဘာေတြလုိအပ္သလဲ။ကဲ---ဆက္လက္ေလ႕လာၾကရေအာင္။
Network Medium ၾကားခံဆက္သြယ္ေရးပစၥည္းမ်ား
Network Medium ဆိုတာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြကို ကြန္ရက္ရိုက္တဲ႕အခါ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးႏွင္႕တစ္လံုးကိုၾကားခံခ်ိတ္ဆက္ေပးတဲ႕ပစၥည္းကိုေခၚတာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ဒီၾကားခံပစၥည္းဟာ
Network cable ႀကိဳးေတြဘဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ၎တို႕ဟာ Metallic Cable ဒါမွမဟုတ္Fiber Optic Cable တို႕
ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။Metallic Cable ဆိုတာ Coaxial Cable ႏွင္႕ တယ္လီဖုန္းႀကိဳးတို႕ ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။
အဲ႕ဒီအျပင္ခုေနာက္ပိုင္းတြင္ ၾကိဳးေတြကို အသံုးမျပဳ ေတာ႕ဘဲ Wireless ဆိုတဲ႕ ႀကိဳးမဲ႕ကြန္ယက္
ေတြကိုလည္း ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ အသံုးျပဳ လာၾကပါတယ္။ေနာက္တစ္ခုက ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးႏွင္႕တစ္လံုး
က Network ႀကိဳးႏွင္႕ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္တယ္ဆိုေပမယ္႕ ဒီႀကိဳးေတြ လာေရာက္တပ္ဖို႕ကကြန္ပ်ဴတာမွာ
NIC ဆိုတဲ႕ Network Interface Card (Nerwork Card) ေတာ႕ရွိ ရမွာေပါ႕ ။ ဒီေတာ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ
တစ္လံုးႏွင္႕တစ္လံုးသို႕ Network Card ေတြ Network ႀကိဳးေတြ Network ေခါင္းေတြ စတဲ႕
Network Medium ေတြကို အသံုးျပဳ ၿပီး Data ေတြကို Carries လုပ္ၾကတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Network Protocols ဆက္သြယ္ေရးအရာရွိ
ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ တစ္လံုးႏွင္႕တစ္လံုး Network Card ေတြစိုက္ Network ႀကိဳးေတြခ်ိတ္ လုပ္လိုက္ရံုနဲ႕ Network တစ္ခုျဖစ္မလာပါဘူးcomputer တစ္လံုး communicate ျဖစ္ဖို႕ရာ အျခားကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးနဲ႕ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မိသြားဘို႕ဆိုတာ rule ေလးတစ္ခုေလာက္ ေတာ႕လိုတယ္ေနာ္။ဆိုတာ အျခားတစ္ဘက္က ေျပာလိုက္တာကို တစ္ဖက္က ဘယ္လိုဘာသာျပန္လဲေပါ႕ ေနာက္ၿပီး တစ္ဘက္နဲ႕တစ္ဘက္ ဘယ္လို initiate လုပ္ၾကလဲေပါ႕ ဒီလို Network တစ္ခုမွာကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြ တစ္လံုးႏွင္႕တစ္လံုးၾကားCommunicate လုပ္ဖို႕က ဥပေဒသ ေတြ rule ေတြပါတဲ႕ software တစ္ခုလိုသဗ်။ ဒါဟာဘာလဲဆိုေတာ႕ Protocols ဘဲေပါ႕။ Protocols ဆိုတာ ကCommunicate ကိုထိန္းခ်ဴပ္ေပးတဲ႕ Software တစ္ခု ျဖစ္တယ္။
ဒီေတာ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးႏွင္႕တစ္လံုး ၾကိဳးေလးခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားရံု Network Card ေတြ တပ္ထားရံုနဲ႕မၿပီး ဘဲ Communicate ျဖစ္္ေျမာက္ဘို႕အတြက္ Protocol ဆိုတာလိုအပ္တယ္။
ဥပမာ--
(၁) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Inernet Protocol)
(၂) NetBEUI( Net BIOS Extend User Interface)
(၃) IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange /Sequence Packets Exchange ) စသည္
တို႕ျဖစ္ၾကတယ္။ တစ္ျခား သံုးတာေတြလည္းရွိပါေသးတယ္
Network Software ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္မည္႔စနစ္
Network ကိုကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးႏွင္႕တစ္လံုးခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားရံုနဲ႕ NIC card ေတြတပ္ဆင္ထားရံုနဲ႕ ေနာက္ Protocol ေလးတင္ထားရံုနဲ႕ တင္မရပါဘူး ။ကိုယ္တပ္ဆင္မယ္႕ Network က Client / Sever Network မ်ိဳး ဆုိရင္ေပါ႕။ အဲ႕ဒီလိုClient / Sever Network ေတြမွာဆိုရင္ Network ၾကိဳးေတြNetwork Card ေတြ Network Protocol ေတြနဲ႕တင္မလံုေလာက္ေတာ႕ပါဘူး။Network Software ဆိုတာၾကီးကလဲလိုလာျပန္ပါတယ္။ အဲ႕ဒီNetwork Software ဆိုတာတျခားမဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ Network Operation System (NOS) ပါဘဲ။ဒီ NOS ဟာ ဘယ္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ၊ဘယ္အသံုးျပဳသူ User ကေတာ႕ျဖင္႕ Network ရဲ႕ဘယ္ Resoures ကို အသံုးျပဳမယ္ စတာေတြကို ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ေပးရပါတယ္။ အဲ႕ဒီ NOS ေတြက ေတာ႕ဥပမာအားျဖင္႕ Microsoft Windows NT,Microsoft Windows Server 2003 စတာေတြေပါ႕ ။အဲ႕ဒီထဲမွာမွ Windows NT Server ,Windows Server 2003 ,Novell Netware 5.1 တို႕ဟာ Serverversion ေတြျဖစ္ၾကၿပီး တဖက္က Client ေတြကေတာ႕ Microsoft Windows NT Workstations, Windows 2000 Professional ,Window XP, တို႕ျဖစ္ႏိုင္
ၾကပါတယ္။
Network Services ကြန္ရက္၀န္ေဆာင္မႈ
Network Services ဆိုတာ ကြန္ရက္က လုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးႏိုင္တဲ႕ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈေတြ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္ အဲ႕ဒါေတြကေတာ႕
၁) File Services
၂) Print Services
၃) Communication Services
၄) Electronic Mail တို႕ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။
ဒီ Services ေတြကို ဘယ္သူကဘယ္သူ႕ကို ေပးသလဲေနတာလဲ။ ဒါလဲသိဖို႕လိုတယ္။ဒီေတာ႕ ဒီ ေနရာမွာ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကို ပံ႕ပိုးသူနဲ႕ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကိုေတာင္းဆိုတဲ႕သူ ဆိုၿပီးရွိပါတယ္။ Services Providers နဲ႕ Services Requester ေပါ႕ဗ်ာ။ Service Provider ဆိုတာ က၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကိုပံ႕ပိုးတဲ႕သူ ။Services Requester ဆိုတာက ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကို ေတာင္းဆိုတဲ႕သူ အလိုရွိတဲ႕သူေပါ႔။ ဥပမာေျပာရရင္ လၻက္ရည္ဆိုင္မွာ ေပါ႔ စားသံုးသူလာမယ္။ လၻက္ရည္မွာမယ္။မုန္႕မွာမယ္။ ဒါ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကိုေတာင္းဆိုတာဘဲ။ Services Requester ေပါ႔ စားေသာက္ဆိုင္က စားသံုးသူကို ပံ႕ပိုးေပးရတာဆိုေတာ႕ Service Provider ေပါ႕ ။Services Requester ေတြက ႀကိဳက္တဲ႕ မုန္႕ကိုႀကိဳက္သလိုမွာစားလို႕ရတယ္။ အဲ႕ဒီအျပင္မွာစားတဲ႕အေရအတြက္ေရာ မွာ စားတဲ႕ဦးေရေကာမ်ားမွာ ျဖစ္တယ္။ ဒါေပမယ္႕ လၻက္ရည္ဆိုင္ကေတာ႕တစ္ဆိုင္တည္း ။ ဒီေတာ႕ Services Requester မွာ မွာသမွ် ကိုအားလံုး မလစ္ဟင္းေအာင္ လုပ္ေပးႏိုင္ဘို႕က Service Provider ကအင္အားေတာင္႕တင္းေနမွ ျဖစ္မွာေပါ႔။ Service Provider ႏွင္႕ Services Requester မွာေအာက္ပါတုိ႕ပါ၀င္ပါတယ္။
သူတို႕ကေတာ႕
၁) Server သူကေတာ႕ Service Provider သက္သက္ပါ
၂) Client သူကေတာ႕ Service Requester သက္သက္ပါ ။ဘယ္သူကိုမွ Service Provider မလုပ္ပါဘူး
၃) Peer သူက ေတာ႕ Service Provider လဲလုပ္ပါတယ္။ Service Requester လဲလုပ္ပါတယ္။
Network Types ကြန္ရက္အမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ား
ကြန္ရက္အမ်ိဳးအစားကိုခြဲျပရမယ္ဆိုရင္ (၂)မ်ိဳးရွိသဗ်။ အဲ႕ဒါကေတာ႕
၁။ Peer to Peer Network
၂။ Client Server Network (Server ကို Based အေျချပဳထားေသာ Network)
ရယ္လို႕ (၂)မ်ိဳး ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒီမွာေတာ႕ ကၽြန္ေတာ္က Server Based Network ကိုဘဲ အဓိက ထာားေဖာ္ျပသြားမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
အဲ႕ ဒီ ဆာဗာ ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးလံုးအေၾကာင္းကိုမေလ႕လာခင္႕မွာ Server ဆိုတာဘာလဲ Workstation ဆိုတာဘာလဲ စတာေတြကို တင္ျပခ်င္တယ္။
Server ပံ႕ပိုးမည္႕သူ
Server ဆိုတာ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈ ေတာင္းဆိုတဲ႕သူေတြကို ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈ ပံ႕ပိုး ေပးရတဲ႕ အလုပ္ေတြကို လုပ္ ပါတယ္။ သူကတစ္ဖက္ သတ္ပါ။ သူကေန ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈ ျပန္မယူပါဘူး သူက ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈ ေပးတဲ႕အလုပ္ကိုပဲ လုပ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ္႕ လၻက္ရည္ဆိုင္ဥပမာအတိုင္း ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကိုေတာင္းဆို မယ္႕သူ ကေတာင္းသေလာက္ ေပးႏိုင္ေအာင္Server က အင္အားေတာင္႕ တင္းဖို႕လိုပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ Multi Processor သံုးဘို႕လိုေကာင္းလိုမယ္။ RAM က ECC ပါဘို႕လိုေကာင္းလိုမယ္။ Hard Disk က SCSI ျဖစ္ ဖို႕လိုေကာင္းလိုမယ္။အျမင္႕ဆံုးနဲ႕ အျမန္ဆံုးျဖစ္ဘို႕လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ေအာက္မွာ Server အမ်ိဳးအစားေတြကို ေဖာ္ျပေပးထားပါတယ္။ Server တစ္မ်ိဳးခ်င္းစီဟာ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ တာ၀န္တစ္ခု ကိုပဲလုပ္ၾကပါတယ္။
၁) File Server ဖိုင္မ်ားကိုသိမ္းဆည္းေပးထားျခင္း ႏွင္႕ေတာင္းခံရင္းျဖန္႕ျဖဴးျခင္း
၂) Print Server ကြန္ရက္မွာရွိတဲ႕ Print မ်ားကိုထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ျခင္းႏွင္႔ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ျခင္း
၃) Proxy Server တျခား ကြန္ပ်ဴတာကိုယ္စားလွယ္ လုပ္ငန္းေတြကို လုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးထားပါတယ္။ဆိုလိုတာက ကိုယ္စားလိုဆိုလိုခ်င္တာပါ။
၄) Application Server -ကြန္ရက္မွာ အသံုးျပဳမယ္႕ Application ေတြနဲ႔ပတ္သက္လို႕ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈ ေပးထားပါတယ္။
၅) Web Server - Web Page နဲ႕တျခား Web Content ေတြကို သိမ္းထားေပးျခင္း ႏွင္႕ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ကိုအသံုးျပဳၿပီးေတာ႕ လိုရာသို႕ ေပးပို႕ျခင္း။
၆) Mail Server - Email မ်ားကိုလက္ခံျခင္းႏွင္႕ ေပးပို႕ျခင္းတို႕ကို လုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးျခင္း။ အဲ႕ဒီအျပင္ Fax Server ,Remote Access Server ,Telephone Server တို႕ဆုိတာရွိပါေသးတယ္။
Workstation ေတာင္းခံမယ္႕သူ
Workstation ဆိုတာ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈေတာင္းဆိုတဲ႕သူျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီေနရာမွာ Workstation ဆိုတာနဲ႕ Client ဆိုတာကြဲျပားေအာင္ေျပာဆိုရပါအံုးမယ္။ ကြန္ရက္မွာ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားတာေတြက ကြန္ပ်ဴတာခ်ည္း ပဲဟုတ္ခ်င္မွ ဟုတ္ပါလိမ္႕မယ္။ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအျပင္ ပရင္တာေတြလည္းပါႏိုင္တယ္ေလ။ ကြန္ရက္တခုမွာ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ေတြကို ေတာင္းခံသူအားလံုး ဟာ Clientပါ ။ဆိုလိုခ်င္တာက ကြန္ရက္မွာရွိတဲ႕ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ေတြကို ေတာင္းဆိုသူတိုင္းပါ ။ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ၊ပရင္တာအားလံုးေပါ႕ ။ဒါ Client ပဲ။ ဒါေပမယ္႕ Workstation ဆိုတာကြန္ရက္ထဲက ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကုိေတာင္းခံသူ ကြန္ပ်ဴ တာေတြပါဘဲ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမဟုတ္တဲ႕ ေတာင္းခံသူကိုေတာ႕ Client လို႕ေခၚၿပီးေတာ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဆိုရင္ေတာ႕ Workstaion လို႕ေခၚပါတယ္။ ဒီေတာ႕ Workstationတိုင္းဟာ Client ျဖစ္တယ္။Client တိုင္းဟာ Workstation မဟုတ္ဘူး။
Peer to Peer Networking ဆိုတာ
Peer to Peer Networking ဆိုတာ ကြန္ရက္အတြင္းမွာရွိတဲ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြဟာ တစ္ခ်ိန္မွာ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကိုေတာင္း
ခံၿပီးေတာ႕ တစ္ခ်ိန္မွာ သူဟာတစ္ျခားသူေတာင္းခံတဲ႕ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကို ပံ႕ပိုးေပးတဲ႕သူ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ဆိုလိုတာက
သူလိုေနတဲ႕အခ်ိန္မွာ ကိုယ္ကပံ႕ပိုးေပးၿပီးေတာ႕ ကိုယ္လိုေနတဲ႕ အခ်ိန္မွာ က်ေတာ႕ ကိုယ္က ျပန္ေတာင္းခံရျပန္ေကာ
ဒီေတာ႕ Peer Network မွာ ကိုယ္က ေတာင္းခံတဲ႕သူလည္းျဖစ္ႏိုင္တယ္။ ပံ႕ပိုးတဲ႕သူလည္းျဖစ္ႏိုင္တယ္။ ေတာင္းခံတဲ႕
အခါက်ေတာ႕ ကိုယ္က Client ေပါ႕ ပံ႔ပိုးတဲ႕အခါက်ေတာ႕ ကိုယ္က Server ျဖစ္သြားျပန္ေရာ ။ ဒီေတာ႕ Peer Network
မွာ Decidated Server ဆိုတာမရွိဘူး ။ Decidated Server ဆုိတာ အဲ႕ဒီကြန္ပ်ဴတာက တစ္ခ်ိန္လံုး Server အလုပ္
ႀကီးကိုဘဲ သက္သက္လုပ္ေနတာကို ေျပာတာ။အဲ႕ဒီလိုမရွိဘူး။တစ္ခ်ိန္မွာ ကိုယ္ကေတာင္းခံရင္း Client ျဖစ္သြားသလို
တစ္ခ်ိန္မွာ ကိုယ္က ပံ႕ပိုးရင္ Server ျဖစ္သြားျပန္တယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင္႕ Peer Network ကို Workgroup လို႕လဲ ေခၚတယ္။
ဆိုလိုတာက သူငယ္ခ်င္းကိုကိုယ္က စာျပေပးတယ္။သူနားမလည္လို႕ထားပါေတာ႕ ဒီေတာ႕ကိုယ္က Server တစ္ခါ ၊
ကိုယ္နားမလည္ စာၾကေတာ႕ ကိုယ္က ျပန္ေမးရျပန္ေရာ။ ဒီအခါကိုယ္က Client ျဖစ္သြား ၿပီ။
ဒီေတာ႕ေျပာခ်င္တာက Peer Network မွာ Server ဆိုၿပီး သက္သက္မရွိဘူး။စက္တလံုးဟာ Server လည္းျဖစ္သြားႏိုင္သလို Client လည္းျဖစ္သြားႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ Centralized စနစ္မဟုတ္ဘူး။ ဗဟိုကေန ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ေပးတဲ႕စနစ္မဟုတ္ဘူး ဒီေတာ႕ အသံုးျပဳသူ User ဟာ သူ႕ကြန္ပ်ဴတာထဲမွာ ရွိတဲ႕ Resourse ေတြကို အသံုးျပဳခ်င္တယ္ဆိုရင္ Local Userဟုေခၚၿပီး ဒီကေန တျခား ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဆီက Resourse ေတြကိုဘဲ အသံုးျပဳတယ္ဆိုရင္ ဒါကို Remote User လို႕ ေခၚပါတယ္။
ေနာက္တစ္ခုက Peer Network အတြက္ NOS ဆိုတဲ႕ Network Operation System သီးျခားမလိုအပ္ပါဘူး ။ကိုယ္႕စက္မွာ အသံုးျပဳေနတဲ႕ Microsoft Windows နဲ႕တင္ Peer Network တစ္ခုကို တည္ေဆာက္လို႕ရ ေနပါၿပီ။
ေနာက္တစ္ခုထပ္ေျပာခ်င္တာက Peer Network တစ္ခုမွာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ(၅)လံုး ရွိရင္ အဲ႕ဒီ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ၅လံုး စလံုး က အေၾကာင္းအရာ ေတြကို ကိုယ္စီကိုယ္ငွ Share လုပ္ထားၾကပါတယ္။ ဒီကြန္ပ်ဴတာ တစ္လံုးကအေၾကာင္းအရာကို အျခား
တစ္လံုးက ေခၚၾကည္႕လိုရသလို တတိယေျမာက္ လူကလည္းတျခားကြန္ပ်ဴတာ တစ္လံုးဆီက အေၾကာင္းအရာ ကိုယူၾကည္႕လို႕ ရျပန္ေရာ ။တကယ္႕ကိုအတြင္းသိအဆင္းသိ ေတြေပါ႕။ ဒါေၾကာင္႕ သူက Sharing ေတာ႕ေကာင္းတယ္။
Security အရမေကာင္းဘူး။ Security လိုအပ္တဲ႕ ေနရာေတြမွာ Peer Network ကို မသံုးသင္႕ဘူး။ေနာက္ၿပီး Peer Net
work က ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအလံုးေရသိပ္မ်ားလားရင္လည္းမေကာင္းေတာ႕ဘူး။
အခ်ဳပ္ေျပာရရင္ Peer Network မွာခ်ိတ္ဆက္ ထားတဲ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြက လုပ္ပိုင္ခြင္႕ဆိုတဲ႕ Rights ကိုတူညီစြာ ပိုင္ဆိုင္ၾကပါတယ္။ တစ္လံုးတည္းမွာပဲ လုပ္ပိုင္ခြင္႕ကို Centralized လုပ္ထားတာမ်ိဳး မရွိပါဘူး။ ကိုယ္က တျခား တစ္ေယာက္စီကအခ်က္အလက္ေတြကိုလိုခ်င္တဲ႕အခါ မွာကုိယ္က ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈကို ေတာင္းခံတဲ႕ သူျဖစ္သြားျပီး တျခားသူက ကိုယ္႕ဆီက အခ်က္အလက္ေတြကို ျပန္လိုခ်င္တဲ႕အခါ ကိုယ္က ကပံ႔ပိုးျပန္ျဖစ္သြားျပန္ေရာ တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕လုပ္ငန္းေတြမွာ အခ်က္အလက္ေတြကိုကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးႏွင္႕ တစ္လံုးဖလွယ္ ဖို႕လိုအပ္ ေသာ္လည္း လုပ္ငန္းသေဘာအရ အခ်က္အလက္ လံုၿခံဳဖို႕မလိုအပ္ပါက အခုလိုPeer to Peer Network ဆင္ရံုနဲ႕လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ဆိုလိုခ်င္တာက Peer to Peer ဟာအခ်က္အလက္ေတြကို ဖလွယ္လို႕ရေသာ္လည္းSecurity အရ ဆိုရင္အားနည္းလို႕ပါ။ ေနာက္ၿပီး Network Operation System သီးျခားမလိုအပ္ပါဘူး။
Peer Network ၏ေကာင္းက်ိဳးမ်ား
၁။ လြယ္ကူစြာတပ္ဆင္ႏိုင္ျခင္းႏွင္႕ Configure လုပ္ႏိုင္ျခင္း
၂။ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ တစ္လံုးျခင္းစီကိုက Dedicated Server ေပၚမမွီခိုဘဲသီးျခားစီရပ္တည္ႏိုင္ျခင္း။
၃။ အသံုးျပဳသူတစ္ဦးခ်င္းစီကိုက ကိုယ္႕ပိုင္ဆိုင္မႈမ်ားကို ခြဲေ၀ေပးျခင္း။
၄။ ကုန္က်စရိတ္သက္သာျခင္း ။
၅။ သီးျခားပစၥည္းမ်ား Software မ်ားမလိုအပ္ျခင္း။ ဥပမာ Network Operation System
၆။ ၎ Network ၾကီးပံုမွန္ အလုပ္လုပ္ေနေအာင္သီးျခား Administarator မလိုအပ္ျခင္း။
Peer Network ၏အားနည္းခ်က္မ်ား
၁။ Security အားနည္းျခင္း
၂။ ခြဲေ၀အသံုးျပဳမည္႕ Resourse မ်ားသည္ Single Password ႏွင္႕မထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ႏိုင္ျခင္း
၃။ Data မ်ားကို Backup ျပဳလုပ္ရာတြင္လည္း ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးခ်င္းစီ မွသီးျခားစီျပဳလုပ္
ေနရျခင္း
၄။ အသံုးျပဳသူတစ္ဦးက အျခားကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးစီမွ Resourse မ်ားကိုလွမ္းယူလိုက္တုိင္း
အသံုးခံရသည္႕ တစ္နည္းအားျဖင္႕ ပံ႔ပိုးေပးရသည္႕ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမွာ Performance က်သြားျခင္း
၅။ အျပန္အလွန္ဖလွယ္ ေနျခင္းေၾကာင္႕ ဗဟိုထိန္းခ်ဳပ္မႈစနစ္မရွိျခင္း။
၆။ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ (၁၀) လံုးထက္ ပို၍အသံုးျပဳလွ်င္ မသင္႕ေတာ္ျခင္းတုိ႕ေၾကာင္႕ျဖစ္သည္။
Server Based Network ဆိုတာ
ကြန္ရက္တစ္ခုမွာ အသံုးျပဳတဲ႕သူေတြကိုလိုအပ္တာေတြပံ႔ပိုးေပးဖို႕သီးျခား Dedicated Server ထိုင္လိုက္ၿပီဆိုရင္ေတာ႕ဒါဟာ Server Based Network ျဖစ္သြားၿပီေပါ႕ ။Server Based Network ဆိုတာကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႕သိခဲ႕ၾကတဲ႕ Client Server Nerwork ပါဘဲ။ဒီ Network ေတြမွာဆိုရင္ resources ေတြေပးသံုးေပမယ္႕ ကၽြန္ပ်ဴတာ(Server) ႏွင္႕ resources ေတြယူသံုးမယ္႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ(Client)ဆိုၿပီး ကြဲျပားမႈရွိလာပါတယ္။တကယ္႕ Client /Server Network အစစ္ေတြမွာဆိုရင္ resource ေတြကို server ကြန္ပ်ဴတာထဲမွသာ ထားရွိၿပီး၎တို႕ကိုClient ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ားမွ access လုပ္ရပါတယ္။ Client ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအခ်င္းခ်င္း တိုက္ရိုက္ Share ေပးလို႕မရပါဘူး။Server ကိုၾကားခံအျဖစ္ အသံုးျပဳရပါတယ္။ Network အတြင္း Login ၀င္ေရာက္အသံုးျပဳခြင္႕ရရန္ လိုအပ္တဲ႕ username,password တို႕ႏွင္႕ Login ၀င္ေရာက္ၿပီးတဲ႕အခါ ဘယ္ folder ေတြကိုဖြင္႕ၾကည္႕ခြင္႕ရွိတယ္ မရွိဘူးအစရွိတဲ႕ access right ေတြကို database ေဆာက္ၿပီး server ကြန္ပ်ဴတာထဲမွာ သိမ္းဆည္းထားပါတယ္။ဒါေၾကာင္႕ Client/Server Network ထဲမွာရွိတဲ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ားသည္ ကိုယ္တုိင္စီမံပိုင္ခြင္႕ မရွိၾကပါဘူး decision အားလံုးကို ဗဟုိကေနၿပီးထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ပါတယ္။ေနာက္တစ္ခုက Sever Based Network ေတြဟာ NOS ကိုလိုအပ္ပါတယ္။
၎ NOS ကို Server မွာ Install လုပ္ရမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အခ်ဳပ္ေျပာရရင္ Client Server Network မွာေတာ႕ ကြန္ရက္ႀကီးတစ္ခုလံုးကို စက္တလံုးက Network Operating System ကိုအသံုးျပဳၿပီး ေတာ႕ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ေနပါတယ္။အဲ႕ဒီစက္ကေတာ႕ Server ပဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Server မွာဘဲ အသံုးျပဳမယ္႕ User Accounts ေတြ Passwords ေတြ လုပ္ပိုင္ခြင္႕ Access Rights ေတြကို Centralized အေနနဲ႕သိမ္းထားတာေၾကာင္႕ကြန္ရက္ကိုခ်ဳပ္ကိုင္ရတာလြယ္ကူၿပီး Security တင္းက်ပ္မႈရွိလွပါတယ္။ အဲ႕ဒီလိုျဖစ္စဥ္ကို Microsoft Windows NT, Windows Server 2000 or2003 မွာ ၎ကို Domain Model လို႕ေခၚပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားျဖင္႕ ၎ကို Active Directory လို႕ေခၚပါတယ္။ထပ္ၿပီးရွင္းျပပါအံုးမယ္။ Sever Based Network ေတြဟာ Single Logon ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ဆိုလိုတာက အဲ႕ဒီလူတစ္ေယာက္ ဟာဘယ္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ထိုင္ထိုင္ဒီ Logon ေလးတစ္ခုကိုဘဲအသံုးျပဳၿပီး၀င္လို႕ရပါတယ္။ဆိုလိုတာက အဲ႕ဒီ User ေတြဟာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအလံုး (၂၀) ရွိလို႕ အဲ႕ဒီကြန္ပ်ဴတာတိုင္းမွာ ထိုင္သံုးလို႕ Logon Nameအခု(၂၀) ရွိစရာမလိုပါဘူး Logon Name တစ္ခုတည္းနဲ႕ပဲမည္သည္႕ စက္ကေနမဆို Access လုပ္လို႕ရပါတယ္။ဒါဟာထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ရတာ အင္မတန္လြယ္ကူသြားတာေပါ႕ ။ဒါကိုဘဲ Centralized ဗဟုိထိန္းခ်ဳပ္မႈစနစ္ လို႕ေခၚတာပါ။ Peer Network က်ေတာ႕ အဲ႕ဒီလို မဟုတ္။အဲ႕ဒီလူတစ္ေယာက္ဟာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအလံုး ၂၀ ရွိလို႕ အဲ႕ဒီအလံုးေပါက္ေစ႕တိုင္းမွာ ထိုင္သံုးတဲ႕အခါမွာ Logon Name နဲ႕ Password ကိုတစ္ခုမက အမ်ားၾကီးသံုးလို႕ရတယ္။
Sever Based Network ၏ေကာင္းက်ိဳးမ်ား
၁။ User Account, Security,Access Control စတာေတြဟာဗဟိုထိန္းခ်ဳပ္မႈျဖစ္တာေတြေၾကာင္႕ ကြန္ရက္ကိုအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ရတာလြယ္ပါတယ္။
၂။ Server ကိုသက္သက္ထားၿပီး တကယ္႕ကိုစြမ္းအားျမင္႕ ပစၥည္းေတြကို သံုးထားတာေၾကာင္႕ Network ရဲ႕ Resources ကိုသံုးစြဲရာမွာ Efficient ျဖစ္ေစပါတယ္။
၃။ Network မွာရွိတဲ႕ Resources ေတြကို သံုးစြဲတဲ႕အခါမွာ Network ကိုLogon တစ္ခါ၀င္ထားရံုနဲ႕လုပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
၄။ အသံုးျပဳမႈမ်ားသည္ျဖစ္ေစ အရင္းအျမစ္မ်ားကို အသံုးခ်မႈမ်ားသည္ျဖစ္ေစ Server Based Network က Handle လုပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ
Sever Based Network ၏ အားနည္းခ်က္မ်ား
၁။ အဆိုးရြားဆံုးကေတာ႕ Sever Failure ျဖစ္သြားရင္ Network ႀကီးတစ္ခုလံုး အလုပ္လုပ္လို႕မရေအာင္ ျဖစ္သြားေတာ႕တာပါဘဲ။
၂။ ကုန္က်စရိတ္ေတြပိုမ်ားပါတယ္။ ကၽြမ္းက်င္၀န္ထမ္းေတြလည္း ရွိဘို႕လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ဘာလို႕လည္းဆိုေတာ႕ Sever ကိုသီးသန္႕ ထားရျခင္း ၎အတြက္ NOS မ်ားတပ္ဆင္ရျခင္းတို႕ေၾကာင္႕ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Sever Based Network ကိုအေၾကာင္းျပဳၿပီး ပိုၿပီးနားလည္သြားေအာင္ Domain Model ႏွင္႕ WorkGroup Model ကိုဆက္ၿပီးရွင္းပါ႕မယ္။
Workgroup Model -သူက Single Point မဟုတ္ဘူး။Windows NT ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးခ်င္းစီမွာ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ Directory နဲ႕ Database ရွိရမယ္အသံုးျပဳသူဟာ Logon လုပ္လိုက္တာနဲ႕ လက္ရွိအသံုးျပဳေနတဲ႕ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာထဲ မွာဘဲ Database ကိုသြားစစ္ၿပီး၀င္ခြင္႕ေပးလိုက္ပါတယ္။ ဒီေတာ႕
အဲ႕ဒီ အသံုးျပဳသူဟာ ေနာက္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးကိုသြားၿပီး အသံုးျပဳေတာ႕မယ္ဆိုရင္ အဲ႕ဒီအသံုးျပဳသူရဲ႕ Database တစ္နည္းအားျဖင္႕ Accounts ဟာ အဲ႕ဒီစက္မွာလည္းရွိေနပါတယ္။ မရွိရင္သံုးလို႕မရဘူး။ဒါေၾကာင္႕မို႕ Single Point မဟုတ္ဘူးလို႕ေျပာတာ။
Domain Model -လုိအပ္တဲ႕ Directory Services Database ကို Domain Controller မွာ ဘံုထားၿပီး အသံုးျပဳသူေတြက Share လုပ္ၿပီးသံုးပါတယ္။ဒါေၾကာင္႕ဒါဟာ Single Adminstartion ပါဘဲ။
Server မ်ား
Server ဆိုသည္မွာလည္းအသံုးခ်မႈအေပၚ မူတည္ၿပီးအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ရွိပါတယ္။ ဆိုလိုတာက Server တစ္လံုးထဲကိုလုပ္ငန္း
မ်ိဳးစံုသံုးေနရင္ မႏိုင္မနင္းျဖစ္မွစိုးတဲ႕အတြက္ေၾကာင္႕မို႕လို႕ လုပ္ငန္းအေပၚမူတည္ၿပီး Server ေတြလည္းကြဲျပားပါတယ္။
Domain Controller (Directory Server) အေၾကာင္း
၎ Server ေတြမွာDirectory Services ဆိုတာရွိတယ္။သူကဘာလုပ္ေပးလည္းဆိုေတာ႕ အသံုးျပဳသူေတြကို Network မွာရွိတဲ႕ Resources ေတြကိုအသံုးခ်ရာ၌ လံုျခံဳစိတ္ခ်မႈရွိေအာင္ စိစစ္ေပးရ ျခင္း ၎တို႕ႏွင္႔ပတ္သက္တဲ႕ Infor-
Mation ေတြကိုသိမ္းဆည္းေပးျခင္းစတာေတြကို လုပ္ေဆာင္ရပါတယ္။အသံုးျပဳသူေတြဟာ ကြန္ရက္အတြင္းမွာ ရွိတဲ႕ဘယ္
Resources ကိုမဆိုသံုးႏိုင္ေအာင္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြကို Logical နည္းအရ ေပါင္းစည္းထားပါတယ္။ အဲ႕ဒါကို Domain လို႕ေခၚ
ပါတယ္။ ဘယ္ User မဆိုသက္ဆိုင္ရာ Domain အဖြဲ႕၀င္ႏိုင္ငံျဖစ္ႏိုင္ၿပီး ၎ Domain အတြင္းရွိ Resources မ်ားႏွင္႕ Information မ်ားကိုယူသံုးႏိုင္စြမ္းရွိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ္႕ အဲ႕ဒီအသံုးျပဳသူဟာ Domain ကို Logging လုပ္ရမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အဲ႕ဒီလို Logging လုပ္ဘို႕ Logon Services ေတြကြန္ပ်ဴတာႏွင္႕ User ေတြကို Domain ထဲမွာ စုစည္းေပးထားတဲ႔ တနည္း
အားျဖင္႕ Handle လုပ္ေပးတဲ႔ Server ကို Controller သို႕မဟုတ္ Directory Server လို႕ေခၚပါတယ္။
File and Print Server အေၾကာင္း
File and Print Server ကေတာ႕ အဓိကအားျဖင္႕ Network မွာ File ေတြကိုသိမ္းေပးထားျခင္းျပန္ေခၚျခင္းစတဲ႕၀န္
ေဆာင္မႈေတြ Network Printer ေတြကိုအသံုးျပဳမႈစတာေတြကို အဓိကထားပံ႕ပိုးေပးရတာျဖစ္တယ္။၎ဟာအသံုးခ်မယ္႕
Software ေတြကိုအသံုးျပဳသူဟာမိမိထိုင္ေနတဲ႕ စက္မွာပင္အသံုးျပဳႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ Datafile ေတြကိုသိမ္းဆည္းတဲ႕အခါၾကေတာ႕
File Server မွာသြားသိမ္းေစတာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ၎ File and Print Server ေတြကို File Storage အတြက္လည္းအသံုးျပဳႏိုင္ပါ
တယ္။
Application Server အေၾကာင္း
Application Server က်ေတာ႕ Client Server Application ေတြကိုအသံုးျပဳသူ Client ေတြဘက္က အသံုးခ်လို႕ရ
ေအာင္ Server ဘက္ကပံ႕ပိုးေပးတာျဖစ္တယ္။ အဲ႕ဒီအျပင္သူက ဥပမာ Database Server ဆိုပါေတာ႕-- လိုအပ္တဲ႕ Data
ေတြကို analysis လုပ္ျခင္းႏွင္႕ ရွာေဖြမႈေတြျဖစ္တဲ႕ Qurey Processing ေတြကိုဘဲပံ႕ပိုးေပးတာမဟုတ္ဘဲ အဲ႕ဒီ Database
ႀကီးရဲ႕ေျမာက္မ်ားစြာလွစြာေသာ Data ေတြကိုပါ သိုေလွာင္သိမ္းဆည္းထားရာဌာနအျဖစ္လည္းလုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးပါတယ္။
ေနာက္တစ္ခုက Application Server ေတြဟာ File and Print Server ေတြနဲ႕မတူညီတဲ႕အခ်က္ ကသူဟာလုပ္ငန္းအတြက္
လုပ္ေဆာင္ရာမွာ လိုအပ္တဲ႕ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈေတြ ကိုပံ႕ပိုးေပးရံုသာမက Client ေတြဘက္က Fiile and Print Server ေတြကို
လည္းပံ႔ပိုးတယ္။
ေစ်းေပါေပါ Wi-Fi နည္း ပညာ
ဒီေန႔ ေခတ္မွာ
Wi-Fi နည္းပညာ အရမ္းေခတ္စား လာေနပါတယ္။
ေစ်းေပါတာေတြ ရွိသလို ေစ်းၾကီးတာေတြလည္းရွိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ္ ကီလိုမီတာ 200၊ 300 ေလာက္ ေျပးတဲ႔ Wi-Fi Device
ေတာ႔ မရွိေသးပါဘူး။ ဒါေပမယ့္
ရွိျပီးသား Device ေတြကိုပဲ
ကီလိုမီတာ ၂၀၀၊ ၃၀၀ ေျပးေအာင္လုပ္လို႔ုရတဲ့ နည္း ပညာေတြေတာ႔ရွိေနပါျပီ။
USB Wi-Fi Adapter တစ္ခုကို နို႔ဆီခြက္ လို စည္သြပ္ဘူူးမွာ တပ္ျပီး ပိုေ၀းေ၀း ရေအာင္လုပ္လို႔ရပါတယ္။ တီဗြီဖမ္းတဲ႔ အင္တင္နာတို႔ စေလာင္းတို႔မွာ တပ္ျပီးလည္း သံုးလို႔ရပါတယ္။
အဲဒီနည္းပညာေတြကို ေလ႔လာျပီး လက္ေတြ႕ စမ္းသပ္ခ်င္သူ ေတြ အတြက္ www.wndw.net မွာ E-Book အလကား ယူလို႔ရပါတယ္။ http://usbwifi.orconhosting.net.nz/ မွာ လည္း ပံုေတြနဲ႔ပါ ရွင္းျပထားတာေတြ ဖတ္လို႔ရပါတယ္။
ဒီနည္း ပညာနဲ႔ နီေပါတစ္နိုင္ငံလံုး က အင္တာနက္ခ်ိတ္ထား တာ Online Medical Service ေတာင္ရတယ္။
USB Wi-Fi Adapter တစ္ခုကို နို႔ဆီခြက္ လို စည္သြပ္ဘူူးမွာ တပ္ျပီး ပိုေ၀းေ၀း ရေအာင္လုပ္လို႔ရပါတယ္။ တီဗြီဖမ္းတဲ႔ အင္တင္နာတို႔ စေလာင္းတို႔မွာ တပ္ျပီးလည္း သံုးလို႔ရပါတယ္။
အဲဒီနည္းပညာေတြကို ေလ႔လာျပီး လက္ေတြ႕ စမ္းသပ္ခ်င္သူ ေတြ အတြက္ www.wndw.net မွာ E-Book အလကား ယူလို႔ရပါတယ္။ http://usbwifi.orconhosting.net.nz/ မွာ လည္း ပံုေတြနဲ႔ပါ ရွင္းျပထားတာေတြ ဖတ္လို႔ရပါတယ္။
ဒီနည္း ပညာနဲ႔ နီေပါတစ္နိုင္ငံလံုး က အင္တာနက္ခ်ိတ္ထား တာ Online Medical Service ေတာင္ရတယ္။
Tuesday, March 22, 2011
အိုင္တီေလာကမွာ ေခတ္စားလာတဲ့ CISCO
Cisco
Certified ေတြ အခုအခါ
ေခတ္စားလာသလို အိုင္တီေလာက အတြက္လဲ အက်ိဳးေက်းဇူးမ်ားလာတာကို ေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။ တကယ္ကိုပဲ
networking
သမားတစ္ေယာက္အတြက္ အသက္ေမြး၀မ္းေက်ာင္း
ပညာရပ္တစ္ခုျဖစ္သလို
Professional လုပ္စားမယ့္သူေတြအတြက္လဲ
မရွိ မျဖစ္ လိုအပ္လာတဲ႔ အသိပညာရပ္တစ္ခုပါပဲ။
Cisco နဲ႔ ပက္သက္တဲ႔ စာေမးပြဲ၀င္ေျဖရန္
ႀကိဳးစားေနၾကတဲ့ လူငယ္ေတြနဲ႔ Cisco
အေၾကာင္း ေလ့လာခ်င္တဲ့
စာဖတ္ပရိသတ္အတြက္ ကြၽန္ေတာ္ ေလ့လာသိမီသမွ်ကို ေျပာျပပါမယ္။
Cisco
ဆိုတာက Networking System မွာ အဓိက အလုပ္လုပ္ ေဆာင္ေပးတဲ့ routers, bridges
and switches. Devices ရဲ႕
မူပိုင္
OS ပါ။ Cisco Router မွာပါတဲ့ IOS ( Inter network Operation
system) အေၾကာင္း
သင္ယူရမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Cisco Network Device ေတြကို
အသံုးျပဳမယ္ဆိုရင္ေတာ႔ သူ႕ရဲ႕
OS ေတြကို မသိမျဖစ္သိထားရမဲ႔
ဘာသာရပ္ ပါ ။ ဆိုလိုတာက Microsoft
OS ကို အသံုးျပဳသူကေတာ႔
Microsoft
windows အေၾကာင္းသိမွ
သံုးႏိုင္မွာျဖစ္ျပီး
Linux သံုးသူက Linux OS အေၾကာင္းသိမွ အသံုးျပဳႏိုင္မွာ ျဖစ္သလိုမ်ိဳးေပါ့။
Cisco
Router, Cisco Switch ေတြ
အသံုးျပဳမဲ့သူေတြအတြက္ကေတာ႔ Cisco
ရဲ႕ command ေတြနဲ႔ သူ႔ အလုပ္လုပ္ေဆာင္ပံုေတြကို
သိမွျဖစ္မွာပါ။
Cisco
Network ကို တကယ္တမ္း
အသံုးျပဳတဲ့
Network ဆိုတာ ကလဲ တကယ္႔ကို
ၾကီးက်ယ္တဲ့ Network
ေတြမွာပဲ ေတြ႕ရမွာပါ။ ISP level နဲ႔ အလုပ္လုပ္တဲ႔ Network ေတြမွာ အမ်ားဆံုး ေတြ႕ရွိရပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင္႔လဲ
Networking
သမားေတြအတြက္ မရွိမျဖစ္လုိအပ္လာပါတယ္။
ဒီလိုမ်ိဳး အတြက္လဲ Cisco
မွ တရား၀င္စာေမးပြဲေတြနဲ႔အတူ
အဆင့္ခြဲျခားျပီး
Certificate ေတြ ေပးထားပါတယ္။
၀င္ေျဖဖို႔ကေတာ႔ တစ္ဘာသာကို 250
$, 150$ (CCENT) ဘာသာရပ္အလုိက္
အသီးသီးနဲ႔၀င္ေရာက္ ေျဖဆိုခြင့္ ျပဳထားၿပီး အကယ္၍ စာေမးပြဲက်ပါက ၆ လတိတိ ထိုဘာသာကို
ေျဖဆိုခြင့္ခဏပိတ္ထားမွာပါ။
Microsoft စာေမးပြဲကေတာ႔
က်ရင္ ၾကိဳက္တဲ႔အခ်ိန္ ျပန္ေျဖခြင့္ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ Cisco စာေမးပြဲေျဖဆိုမယ္ဆိုရင္ ေသခ်ာ ပိုင္မွ
ေျဖဆိုသင့္ပါတယ္။
စာေမးပြဲေတြကေတာ႔ level အလိုက္ သက္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ အဓိက လက္မွတ္
Level 5
မ်ိဳး သတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။
အဲဒါေတြကေတာ့
-
Entry Certification ( CCENT )
-
Associate Certification ( CCNA)
-
Professional Certification ( CCNP )
-
Expert Certification ( CCIE)
-
Architect Certification
တုိ႔
ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Level
အလိုက္ Cisco Network
Certification ေတြကေတာ႔
Entry
*
IP Networking (CCENT)
Associate
*
Design (CCDA)
*
Routing and Switching (CCNA)
*
Security (CCNA Security)
*
Voice (CCNA Voice)
*
Wireless (CCNA Wireless)
Professional
*
Design (CCDP)
*
Routing & Switching (CCNP)
*
Security (CCSP)
*
Service Provider (CCIP)
*
Voice (CCVP)
*
Wireless (CCNP Wireless)
Expert
*
CCDE Design Expert
*
CCIE SP Operations
*
CCIE Routing and Switching
*
CCIE Security
*
CCIE Service Provider
*
CCIE Storage Networking
*
CCIE Voice
*
CCIE Wireless
Architect
*
Cisco Certified Architect
မိမိ
အသက္ေမြး၀မ္းေက်ာင္းပညာအတြက္ လမ္းေၾကာင္းေရြးခ်ယ္ဖို႔ ကေတာ့
-
Routing & Switching
-
Design
-
Network Security
-
Service Provider
-
Storage Networking
-
Voice
-
Wireless ဆိုၿပီး (၇)မ်ဳိး
ရွိပါတယ္။ ကိုယ္ၾကိဳက္တဲ့အပိုင္းကို ၀င္ေရာက္ေျဖႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ဒါက စာေမးပြဲအပိုင္းေတြပါ။ CCNA နဲ႔ ပတ္သက္ တဲ့ သင္တန္းေၾကးေတြကေတာ့
ျမန္မာေငြက်ပ္ သုံးသိန္းခန္႔ ရွိပါတယ္။
Cisco
Network ကို စတင္ေလ့လာမယ္ဆိုပါက
အေျခခံအက်ဆံုး
Network module ျဖစ္တဲ့ Open Systems
Interconnection(OSI)ရဲ႕
သေဘာကို နားလည္ရပါမယ္။
OSI Model ရဲ႕ သိသင့္တဲ့
အေၾကာင္းအရာအလႊာ(၇)လႊာကေတာ့ -
(1)
Application layer
(2)
Presentation layer
(3)
Session layer
(4)
Transport layer
(5)
Network layer
(6)
Data-link layer
(7)
Physical layer တုိ႔ ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။
Application layer
Application
layer က OSI Reference Model
ရဲ႕ အေပၚဆံုး layer ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ သူက user interface အတြက္ တည္ေဆာက္ထားတာပါ။ ဥပမာအားျဖင့္ telnet အပါအ၀င္ TCP/IP applications ေတြရယ္, FTP(File Transfer
Protocol), HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) and SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol) စတဲ့ Network Application
ေတြ အလုပ္လုပ္တဲ့ Layer ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Presentation layer
၆
လႊာေျမာက္ျဖစ္တဲ့
presentation layer က
အေပၚ
Layer 7 ျဖစ္တဲ့ Application Layer ကို ေထာက္ပံ့ေပးတဲ့ အလုပ္ကို လုပ္ေဆာင္ပါ
တယ္။ သူ႕ရဲ႕ အဓိကလုပ္ေဆာင္မႈ သံုးခု ရွိပါတယ္။
(1)
data presentation
(2)
data Compression
(3)
data Encryption
Data
Presentation ရဲ႕သေဘာကေတာ့
ဒီဘက္က ပို႔လိုက္တဲ့
data ေတြကို တစ္ဖက္လက္ခံသူဘက္က
process
လုပ္၍ ရႏိုင္ေအာင္ ေျပာင္း
ေပးျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ presentation
layer protocols မွာ စံသတ္မွတ္ခ်က္
အားျဖင့္
ASCII, BMP, GIF, JPEG, WAV, AVI and MPEG တို႔
ပါ၀င္ပါတယ္။
Data
Compression လုပ္ျခင္းကေတာ့ Network ေပၚမွာ အရြယ္ အစားငယ္ေအာင္ compress လုပ္ၿပီး နက္၀က္အတြင္းထဲသို႔ ပို႔လႊတ္လိုက္
ျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ လက္ခံသည့္စက္ေရာက္မွ presentation
layer မွ com-press လုပ္ၿပီး ပို႔လုိက္သမွ် data ေတြ uncompress လုပ္ယူပါတယ္။
Data
encryption ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းကေတာ့
လိုအပ္ေသာ
encrypt မ်ား ကို လက္ခံေသာ
ကြန္ပ်ဴတာထံေရာက္လာတဲ့အခါ presentation
layer မွာ ျပန္လည္ decrypt ျပန္လုပ္ျခင္းပါ။
Session layer
Session
ကေတာ့ နက္၀က္ေတြအတြက္ Device တစ္ခုမွ ေနာက္Device တစ္ခုရဲ႕ၾကား Data ေတြ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ႏိုင္ေအာင္ ျပဳလုပ္တဲ့အပိုင္းကို
တာ၀န္ယူ လုပ္ေဆာင္ပါတယ္။ သူက
Transport Layer နဲ႔တြဲဖက္
အလုပ္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ
- RPCs နဲ႔ NFS တုိ႔ပါ။ Remote Procedure
Call (RPC) & Network File System (NFS) Transmission rate ေပၚ မူတည္ၿပီး သုံးမ်ိဳးရွိပါတယ္။
အဲဒါေတြကေတာ့
-
(1)
simplex
(2)
half duplex (Data ကို
တစ္ဖက္မွ ပို႔ေဆာင္ေနခ်ိန္အၿပီးမွ ေနာက္ တစ္ဖက္မွ ျပန္လည္ပို႔ေဆာင္ႏုိင္သည္။)
(3)
full duplex (ႏွစ္ဖက္စလံုးမွ
အျပန္အလွန္ ပို႔ေဆာင္ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ ႏိုင္သည္။)
Transport layer
Transport
Layer ဆိုသည့္အတိုင္း Data မ်ားကို Sending Host မွ အျခားလက္ခံမယ့္ Receiver Host အထိ သယ္ယူပုိ႔ေဆာင္ေရးအပိုင္းကို လုပ္ပါတယ္။ Data တစ္ခုကို ပို႔ေဆာင္ၿပီးေနာက္ လက္ခံမည့္သူ
ေရာက္ရွိခ်ိန္ တြင္ ပို႔လႊတ္လိုက္ေသာ
Data ႏွင့္ လက္ခံရရွိၿပီးေသာ
Data တို႔ ၿပီးျပည့္စံု ျခင္းရွိ/မရွိကို
ျပန္လည္စစ္ရပါတယ္။ ဒါကို
Acknowledgment လုပ္တယ္
လို႔ ေခၚပါတယ္။ ထိုကဲ႔သုိ႔ Data
ျပန္စစ္ၿပီး မျပည့္စံုခဲ့လွ်င္
ေနာက္တစ္ဖန္ ျပန္လည္ပို႔ေဆာင္ေပးဖုိ႔
(Retransmission) လုပ္ေဆာင္ပါတယ္။
ထိုနည္းတူ စြာ Network
ေပၚမွ Transmission Speed ကို ထိန္းညႇိေပးျခင္း (Flow Control)ကိုလည္း လုပ္ေပးပါတယ္။
Network layer
“Cisco
Layer” လို႔ေတာင္ ေခၚလို႔ရတဲ့
အပိုင္းပါ။ ဘာလို႔လဲဆိုေတာ့ ကြန္ရက္ေတြေပၚမွာ Data Packets ေတြကို လမ္းေၾကာင္းလႊဲေပးျခင္း (Routing)နဲ႔ လိပ္စာသတ္မွတ္ေပးျခင္း (Logical
Addressing) တာ၀န္ေတြ
ကို ထမ္းေဆာင္ရပါ။
လိပ္စာသတ္မွတ္ျခင္းကေတာ့ IP address (Logical
address) ႏွင့္ MAC address ဆိုၿပီး Device တစ္ခုမွာ IP ႏွစ္မ်ဳိး ရွိပါတယ္။ MAC address ကေတာ့ physical address ျဖစ္ၿပီး NIC ထုတ္စဥ္ကတည္းက တစ္ပါတည္း အေသထည့္သြင္းသတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ့အတြက္
ေျပာင္းလဲလို႔ မရႏိုင္ပါဘူး။
Network address (Logical address) ကိုေတာ့ network layer
protocol ေတြ ျဖစ္ၾကတဲ့
IP/IPX တို႔ကို အသံုးျပဳၿပီး သတ္မွတ္ေပးတဲ့ IP address ျဖစ္ပါတယ္္။ Network layer မွာ source ႏွင့္
destination address ေတြဟာ IP address ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ဒီ Layer ကေတာ့ ပို႔ေဆာင္မဲ႔ Data ေတြကို အပုိင္းေလးေတြ ခြဲၿပီး ပို႔ေဆာင္ဖုိ႔ (Segments) လုပ္ေဆာင္ပါတယ္။ ကြန္ယက္လမ္းေၾကာင္း
ရွာျခင္း (Best
Path Determination)၊
ပုိ႔ေဆာင္ျခင္း (Packet
forwarding) အပိုင္းနဲ႔
ထိမ္းခ်ဳပ္ျခင္း
(Packet Filtering) အပိုင္းတို႔ကို
လုပ္ေဆာင္ပါတယ္။
Hardware အေနနဲ႔ေျပာရရင္
ဒီ
layer မွာ အလုပ္လုပ္တဲ့ device ေတြကို layer-3 device ေတြလို႔ ေခၚပါတယ္။ Router ဟာ အသံုးမ်ားဆံုး layer-3 device ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Data Link Layer
Data
link layer ရဲဲ႕ အဓိကလုပ္ေဆာင္မႈကေတာ့ Layer 3 (Network
layer) က လာတဲ့ packet ေတြကို header ႏွင့္ trailer ထည့္သြင္းၿပီး frame အျဖစ္သို႔ တည္ေဆာက္တာကို လုပ္ေဆာင္တယ္။ Header ထဲမွာဆိုရင္ Source ႏွင့္ destination address
တို႔ကို ထည့္သြင္းေပးရပါတယ္။
ဒီ
layer မွာ ထည့္တဲ့ address ေတြသည္ MAC address ပဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ Data Link layer မွာ အလုပ္လုပ္တဲ့ device ေတြကို layer -2 device ေတြလို႔ ေခၚပါတယ္။ bridge ႏွင့္ switch တို႔သည္ အသံုးအမ်ားဆံုး layer-2 device မ်ား ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Physical layer
ေအာက္ဆံုး Layer ျဖစ္တဲ့ Physical ကေတာ့ data link layer မွ လာေသာ frame မ်ားကို လက္ခံရယူၿပီး signal မ်ားအျဖစ္ ေျပာင္းေပးတဲ့ တာ၀န္ယူထားပါတယ္။
ဒါေတြကေတာ့ လက္မွတ္ Layer (၅) မ်ဳိးနဲ႔
Layer (၇)မ်ဳိးအေၾကာင္း ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အေပၚပုံကိုၾကည့္ၿပီး Layer ေတြ ဘယ္လုိအလုပ္လုပ္တယ္ဆုိ
တာ ေလ့လာႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ပုိင္း အခြင့္သင့္ရင္လဲ Cisco နဲ႔ပတ္သက္တဲ့ အေၾကာင္းအရာေလးေတြကို
တင္ျပေပးသြားပါမယ္။
Sunday, June 7, 2009
ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ နွစ္လုံးတည္းကို LAN အေနနဲ ့ခိ်တ္ျပီး သုံးခ်င္တယ္
ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ နွစ္လုံးတည္းကို
LAN အေနနဲ ့ခိ်တ္ျပီး သုံးခ်င္တယ္ / သီအိုရီ ေတြကိုလည္း
ေလ့လာရမွာလည္ အဆင္မေျပဘူးဆိုရင္ေတာ့ အလြြယ္ဆုံးနည္းနဲ ့အဆင္ေျပေအာင္ေျပာ
ႀကည့္မယ္ေနာ္
ပထမဆံုး
-ကြန္ပ်ဴတာနွစ္လုံး အကြာအေဝးကိုမွတ္္
- ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ Servicing ဆိုင္ကိုသြား
- က်ြန္ေတာ့္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာနွစ္လံုးကို LAN ခိ်တ္ခ်င္လို ့
RJ 45 ျကိုးလုပ္ေပးပါဆျိုပီး လုပ္ခိုင္းလိုက္ပါ
ျပီးရင္ ျကိိုးရဲ ့တစ္ဘက္တစ္စကို ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လုံးစီရဲ ့
NIC card အေပါက္မွာ သြားထိုးလိုက္
(မိမိကြန္ပ်ဴတာတိိုင္းမွာ NIC port တစ္ခုေတာ့ ပါစျမဲပါ)
ျပီးရင္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လုံးစီမွာ IP အမွတ္ေတြြေပးရပါမယ္
(ကိုယ္ပိုင္အမွတ္ ဆိုပါေတာ့့ဗ်ာ)
IP အမွတ္ေပးပုံေပးနည္းကေတာ့
Start >Setting> Network Connections ကို ဖြင့္လိုက္ပါ
Local Area Connection
ဆိုုတဲ ့စာနဲ ့Icon ေလးကို ထပ္ဖြင့္ပါ
"Local Area Connection" dialog box က်လာရင္္ General tab
ေအာက္္က properties ကိုကလစ္
ေနာက္ထပ္ dialog box က်လာရင္္ General tab ေအာက္္က
" This connection uses the following items" ေအာက္ပါ
Scroll barေလးကိုဆဲဲြဲခ်လိုက္ရင္ ေအာက္ဆုံးမွာ Internet Protocol(TCP/IP)
နွစ္ခ်က္ကလစ္လိုက္
ေနာက္ထပ္ box တစ္ခုခ်လာမယ္ Use the following IP address ဆိုတာကို
ေရြးလိုက္ပါ အဲဒါဆိုရင္္ IP အမွတ္ေတြြ ထည့္္လို ့ရသြားမယ္
IP အမွတ္ေတြြထည့္ပါ့မယ္
ပထမ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမွာ
IP address = 192.168.1.1
Subnet mask = 255.255.255.0 ဆျိုပီးထည့္ပါ ျပီးရင္ ok ေတြနဲ ျ့ပန္ထြြက္ခဲ့ပါ
ဒုတိယ ကြြန္ပ်ဴတာမွာ (IP အမွတ္ထည့္လို ့ရတဲ ့ေနရာအထိ ပထမေျပာခဲ့တဲ့အတိုင္းသြားပါ)
IP address = 192.168.1.2
Subnet mask = 255.255.255.0 ဆျိုပီးထည့္ပါ ျပီးရင္ ok ေတြနဲ ျ့ပန္ထြြက္ခဲ့ပါ
ဒါဆိုရင္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာနွစ္လုံးဟာ LAN ခ်ိတ္ဆက္လို ျပီီးသြားပါျပီး
ဆက္သြယ္္မွု ရ /မရ စမ္းသပ္ခ်င္တယ္ဆိုရင္
ပထမကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ရဲ ့ runbox မွာ
cmd လို ့ရိုက္ဖြင့္လိုက္ က်လာတဲ့
command prompt မွာ
ping 192.168.1.2 လို ့ရိုက္ျပီး enter ေခါက္လိုက္
reply........ ဆိုရင္
တစ္ဘက္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာနဲ ့ဆက္သြယ္မွု ရျပီလို ့မွတ္
(request time out ဆိုရင္
မရဘူး)
အလားတူဘဲ ဒုတိယကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ရဲ ့
runbox မွာ cmd လို ့ရိုက္ဖြင့္လိုက္
က်လာတဲ့ command
prompt မွာ
ping 192.168.1.1လို ့ရိုက္ျပီး enter ေခါက္လိုက္
reply........ ဆိုရင္
တစ္ဘက္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာနဲ ့ဆက္သြယ္မွု ရျပီလို ့မွတ္
(request time out ဆိုရင္
မရဘူး)
အဲဒီလို ဆက္သြယ္မွုေတြြ ရရွိေနတဲ့ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဆိုရင္ အျခားတစ္လုံးထဲက data
ေတြကို ေနာက္တစ္လုံးကေန
ဆြဲယူသုံးစြဲလို ့ရပါျပီဗ်ာ
အဆင္ေျပႀကပါေစဗ်ာ
Networking အေၾကာင္းသိေကာင္းစရာမ်ား
Networking
ကိုစိတ္၀င္စားတဲ့ ေနာက္Networkingအေႀကာင္းကိုမ်ားမ်ားေရးေပးပါလို ့အျမဲပူဆာေနတဲ့ ကို၀င္းတင္ အတြက္ကၽႊန္ေတာ္
ေတြ ့မိသေလာက္ေလးစုစည္းျပီးတင္ေပးလိုက္ပါတယ္ဗ်ာ။
မူလေရးသားသူကေတာ့ NTA ကပါဗဟုသုတရမယ္ထင္လို ့တင္ေပးလိုက္ပါတယ္။
Network ကိုဧရိယာက်ယ္ျပန္႔မွဳအလိုက္ အမ်ဳိးအစားေတြခြဲပါတယ္… အဲဒါေတြကေတာ့
1….. PAN ( Pico Area Network )
2….. LAN ( Local Area Network )
3….. CAN ( Campus Area Network )
4….. MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network )
5….. WAN ( Wide Area Network )
စသည္ျဖင့္ေပါ႔ေလ…
PANကို Piconet လို႔ေခၚပါတယ္… Personal Area Network/
Private Area Networkလို႔လည္းေခၚၾကပါတယ္… အကြာေ၀းကေတာ့
၁၀မီတာပါ…. အဓိကကေတာ့ Bluetoothfunction ေပါ႔… သူက Network လို႔ေျပာလို႔ရရံုပါပဲ…
LANကေတာ့က်ယ္က်ယ္ျပန္႔ျပန္႔ကိုသံုးတာပါ… အခန္းတစ္ခန္းအတြင္း၊အေဆာက္အအံုတစ္ခုအတြင္းမွာ
သံုးတာပါ… အကြာအေ၀းကေတာ့ အမ်ားဆံုး မီတာ ၁၀၀လို႔ပဲသတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္… ဒီထက္ပိုလာမယ္ဆိုရင္
ၾကားမွာ Access Pointေတြခံရပါမယ္…Cable Network မွာေျပာတာပါ… စည္းမ်ဥ္းအရေျပာရရင္လမ္းကိုေက်ာ္ဆြဲတာေတာင္ခြင့္မျပဳပါဘူး
…LAN မွာပဲတကယ္လုပ္မယ္ဆိုရင္စက္အလံုးေရသန္းခ်ီၿပီး ခ်ိတ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္….
ဒါေပမယ့္ အဲဒီလိုဆိုရင္ေတာ့ Server ေတြမျဖစ္မေနပါလာရေတာ့မွာပါ….
CAN ေတာ့ ၀န္းတစ္ခုအတြင္းမွာခ်ိတ္ဆက္အသံုးျပဳတာပါ…
ဥပမာေပးရရင္ေတာ့ရန္ကုန္တကၠသိုလ္လိုေနရာမ်ဳိးပါ…
ဒီ၀န္းထဲမွာရွိတဲ့အေဆာက္အအံုဘယ္ေလာက္မ်ားမ်ားခ်ိတ္လို႔ရပါတယ္…
ေျပာရရင္ေတာ့ သူလည္း LANပါပဲ… လုပ္ပိုင္ခြင့္ေလးပဲကြာသြားတာပါ…
LAN ကလမ္းေက်ာ္လို႔မရဘူး…CAN က သူ႔၀န္းအတြင္းကလမ္းေတြကို
စိတ္ႀကဳိက္ေက်ာ္လို႔ရတယ္…
MAN ကလည္းဒီသေဘာလိုပါပဲ… ဒါေပမယ့္သူက Public ကိုႏြယ္လာပါၿပီ…
သူ႔ဧရိယာက လြယ္လြယ္ေျပာရရင္ စည္ပင္သာယာနယ္နိမိတ္
တစ္ခုအတြင္းလို႔ေျပာလို႔ရပါတယ္…ဥပမာဗ်ာ… ဆိုၾကပါစို႔… City mart ေပါ႔…
သူကရန္ကုန္တိုင္းမွာဆိုရင္ပဲ ၿမဳိ႕နယ္ေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားမွာ
ဆိုင္ခြဲေတြနဲ႔…တကယ္လို႔သာ သူ႔ကို Online ကေနအလုပ္လုပ္မယ္ဆိုရင္ Data base
ကိုရံုးခ်ဳပ္မွာထား… ၀ယ္သူဟာ Company Website မွာ၀ယ္ခ်င္တာကိုၾကည့္ၿပီးပစၥည္းလွမ္းမွာမယ္…
ရံုးခ်ုဳပ္ကေန ၀ယ္သူနဲ႔အနီးဆံုးေနရာကဆိုင္ခြဲကိုလွမ္းအေၾကာင္းၾကားၿပီးပစၥည္းကိုပို႔
ခိုင္းမယ္ေလ…ဒီေတာ့သူတို႔ရံုးခ်ဳပ္နဲ႔ ဆိုင္ခြဲေတြၾကားမွာ Network Connectionရွိဖို႔လိုအပ္လာပါတယ္…
အဲဒီလိုေနရာေတြမွာ MAN ကိုသံုးပါတယ္….
WANကေတာ့အားလံုးသိၾကပါတယ္… ကမာၻ႕အႀကီးဆံုးကြန္ယက္ႀကီးေပါ႔…တကမာၻလံုးကိုဆက္သြယ္ခ်ိတ္
ဆက္ေပးေနတာေလ…
ဒါကေတာ့အားလံုးသိၿပီးသားဆိုေတာ့မရွင္းေတာ့ပါဘူး…
Networking ကိုစတင္ေလ့လာၾကၿပီဆိုရင္ေတာ့ LAN ကိုပဲစေလ့လာၾကတာပါ…
ဒီေတာ့ LAN အေၾကာင္းကိုပဲ သိသေလာက္ေလး ရႊီး.. အဲေလ… ေဆြးေႏြးၾကတာေပါ႔…
ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးဟာ သူ႔ရဲ႕လုပ္ေဆာင္ႏိုင္မွဳအတိုင္းအတာ၊ သူရပ္တည္ေနတဲ့အေနအထားအရ
Network ေပၚမွာ အေခၚအေ၀ၚ အဆင့္အတန္း
ကြဲျပားသြားပါတယ္… Server, Workstation, Hosts တို႔ပါ… ဟုတ္ၿပီ…
သူတို႔ေတြ ဘာကြာၾကသလဲဒီလိုပါ…
Server ဆိုတာ ေထာက္ပံ့ေပးသူကိုဆိုလိုတာပါ… ဘာေတြကိုေထာက္ပံ့ေပးသလဲဆိုေတာ့
သူ႔မွာရွိတဲ့ resource data ေတြကိုပါ… ဘယ္သူ႔ေတြကိုလဲဆိုေတာ့ သူ႔လက္
ေအာက္မွာရွိေနတဲ့ client စက္ေတြကိုပါ… Server ဟာ ေပးသူသက္သက္ပါ…
သူကဘာမွျပန္မေတာင္းပါဘူး… Server ေတြဟာ ေထာက္ပံ့ေပးသူေတြျဖစ္တာေၾကာင့္
သူကိုယ္တိုင္က စြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္ျပည့္၀တဲ့ Powerful computer ျဖစ္ဖို႔ေတာ့ လိုပါတယ္…
သူ႔ရဲ႕ LAN ဧရိယာ က်ယ္ရင္က်ယ္သေလာက္ေပါ႔… Server ေတြပာာ သူတို႔
လုပ္ေပးႏိုင္တဲ့အလုပ္ေပၚမွာမူတည္ၿပီး အမ်ဳိးအစားေတြ ကြဲပါတယ္… တစ္မ်ဳိးခ်င္းဆီဟာ
သက္ဆိုင္ရာတာ၀န္တစ္ခုစီကိုသာ လုပ္ေဆာင္ၾကတာပါ… အသံုးမ်ားတဲ့ Server
ေတြကေတာ့
1…. File Server - File ေတြကိုသိမ္းဆည္းေပးထားပါတယ္… ေတာင္းခံသူရွိရင္ ျဖန္႔ေ၀ေပးပါတယ္…
2…. Print Server - Network ေပၚမွာရွိေနတဲ့ Printer ေတြကို Control လုပ္ပါတယ္…
Manage လုပ္ပါတယ္…
3…. Proxy Server - ေျပာရရင္ေတာ့ သူကပြဲစားပါ… ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ေပါ႔… တျခားေသာကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြရဲ႕ကိုယ္စား လုပ္ငန္းေတြကိုလုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးပါတယ္…
4…. Application Server - Network ေပၚမွာအသံုးျပဳမယ့္ Application ေတြနဲ႔ပတ္သတ္ၿပီး လုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးတာပါ…
5…. Web Server - Web page ေတြနဲ႔ အျခားေသာ Web contant ေတြကို သိမ္းေပးထားျခင္း၊ လိုရာကို ပို႔ေဆာင္ေပးျခင္းေတြကို လုပ္ပါတယ္… ဒီလိုလုပ္ဖို႕အတြက္ကို
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) ကိုသံုးပါတယ္…
6…. Mail Server - E-mail ေတြကိုေပးပို႔ပါတယ္… ျပန္လက္ခံပါတယ္….
က်န္တာေတြကေတာ့ Fax Server, Remote Access Server, Telephony Server အစရွိသျဖင့္ေပါ႔ဗ်ာ….
Workstation ဆိုတာကေတာ့ ေတာင္းခံတဲ့သူကိုေျပာတာပါ… Network ေပၚမွာခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားၿပီး server ကေန Resource ေတြကိုေတာင္းမယ္… ရလာတဲ့ data ေတြကိုသံုးၿပီး individual အလုပ္လုပ္ေနတဲ့ ဘယ္လိုကြန္ပ်ဴတာကိုမဆို workstation
လို႔သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္…
ေတာင္းခံသူကို workstation ဆုိတာသိရပါၿပီ… ဒါဆို client ဆိုတာကေရာ…သူလည္းေတာင္း
ခံတဲ့သူပါပဲ…ဒါဆို သူတို႔ေတြ (ေတာင္းခံသူ) အခ်င္းခ်င္း ဘာေတြကြာသလဲဆိုတာကိုသိဖို႔
အေရးႀကီးပါတယ္…
ဒီလိုပါ… client ဆိုတာ networkေပၚမွာရွိေနတဲ့request လုပ္တဲ့သူအားလံုးကို
ေျပာတာပါ… Network ေပၚမွာရွိေနမွာ
ေတြက ကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြခ်ည္းမဟုတ္ႏိုင္ဘူးေလ… Printer တို႔၊ Scaner တို႔ ပါဦးမွာကိုး…
ဒါေတြအားလံုးကို client
လို႔ေခၚပါတယ္… Workstation ကေတာ့ ဒီလိုမဟုတ္ေတာ့ဘူး… Network ေပၚမွာရွိေနတဲ့
ေတာင္းခံသူကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြကိုပဲ workstation လို႔သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္… ကြန္ပ်ဴတာသီးသန္႔ေပါ့ေလ…
ဒီေတာ့ကာ… ေျပာရရင္ Workstation ေတြဟာ Client ေတြပါပဲ… ဒါေပမယ့္ Client တိုင္းကေတာ့
Workstation မဟုတ္ၾကပါဘူး…
Server အပါအ၀င္ Network ေပၚမွာရွိေနတဲ့ ဘယ္လို Device မ်ဳိးကိုမဆို Host လို႔ ဆိုပါတယ္…
Router တို႔၊ Switch တို႔လည္းပါတာေပါ႔…
Network Architecture မွာ အသံုးအမ်ားဆံုး ႏွစ္မ်ဳိးကေတာ့ Peer-to-Peer network နဲ႔
Client/Server network တို႔ပါပဲ…. Peer-to-Peer မွာ centralization (ဗဟိုခ်ဳပ္ကိုင္မွဳ)
မရွိပါဘူး… အားလံုးေသာကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြဟာ
အဆင့္အတန္းညီၾကပါတယ္… အခ်င္းခ်င္း အျပန္အလွန္ data ေတြကို ဖလွယ္ႏိုင္ၾကပါတယ္…
ကိုယ္ကလိုအပ္ေနခ်ိန္မွာ သူမ်ား
ဆီက data လွမ္းေတာင္းမယ္… ဒါဆို ကိုယ္က client သူက server ေပါ႔… တခ်ိန္မွာ
သူမ်ားက လိုအပ္လာလို႔ကိုယ့္ဆီက
ျပန္ေတာင္းလာတဲ့အခါမွာ ကိုယ္က server သူက client ျပန္ျဖစ္သြားပါတယ္…
သီးျခား server ရွိဖို႔မလိုအပ္ဘူးေပါ႔…
Peer-to-Peer ကို Workgroup လို႔လည္းေခၚပါတယ္… Peer-to-Peer ဟာ
Server နဲ႔စာရင္ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ရတာ ပိုမိုလြယ္
ကူပါတယ္… ကုန္က်စရိတ္ဟာလည္း ပိုမိုသက္သာပါတယ္… သူ႔ရဲ႕ Network စနစ္ကို
ပံုမွန္ Run ေနေစဖို႔ သီးျခား Administrator တစ္ေယာက္ မလိုအပ္ပါဘူ:…. ဒါေပမယ့္
သူ႕မွာလည္း အားနည္းခ်က္ကေတာ့ရွိတာေပါ႔… Security ပိုင္းအားနည္းပါတယ္…
ဗဟိုထိန္းခ်ဳပ္မွဳမရွိတာေၾကာင့္ ကိုယ့္မွာရွိတဲ့ Resource ေတြကိုအၿမဲတမ္း Shared ေပးထားရပါတယ္…
ဒါမွသာ
တျခားသူေတြလိုအပ္ခ်ိန္မွာ အခ်ိန္မေရြး အဆင္သင့္ ယူသံုးလို႔ရမွာကိုး… အဲဒါေၾကာင့္ပဲ
resources ေတြကို Single
Password နဲ႔ ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္မထားႏိုင္ပါဘူး… ေနာက္… Data Backup ကိုလည္း
ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတစ္လံုးခ်င္းဆီကေနသာ
သီးျခားလုပ္ေပးမွရပါတယ္… ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ၁၀ လံုးထက္ေက်ာ္ၿပီၤး သံုးစြဲဖို႔လည္း မသင့္ေတာ္ျပန္ဘူး…
အဆိုးဆံုးကေတာ့
Resources ကိုလွမ္းယူသံုးလိုက္တုိင္း Server အေနနဲ႔ရွိေနမယ့္စက္က Performance
က်သြားတာပါပဲ… ဘာပဲေျပာေျပာပါ…
Data လံုၿခံဳမွဳကုိ သိပ္အေလးထားစရာမလိုတဲ့ ကုမၸဏီအေသးေလးေတြအတြက္ကေတာ့
သူကအဆင္ေျပေနပါလိမ့္မယ္…
Client/Server Network ကေတာ့ Centralized ပါ… ဗဟိုထိန္းခ်ဳပ္မွဳပံုစံေပါ႔ …
Client ေတြဟာ Resources
လိုအပ္လာရင္ Server ကိုသာ လွမ္းၿပီးေတာင္းခံရပါတယ္… Server ကလည္း
တျခားဘာကိုမွမလုပ္ပဲ
ပ့ံပိုးမွဳသက္သက္ကိုပဲလုပ္ေဆာင္ပါတယ္… ဗဟိုထိန္းခ်ဳပ္မွဳစနစ္ ျဖစ္တာေၾကာင့္ Client
ေတြဟာ Data ေတြကိုရွာတဲ့ေနရာမွာ
ျမန္ဆန္လြယ္ကူပါတယ္… ေနာက္တစ္ခုက Security ေတာ္ေတာ္ေကာင္းပါတယ္… User
တစ္ဦးခ်င္းစီကို ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ထား
ႏိုင္တာပါ… ဘယ္သူ႕ကို ဘယ္အဆင့္အတန္းနဲ႔ ၀င္ခြင့္ျပဳမယ္ဆိုတာက အစေပါ႔… အဲ…
ဒီလိုေတြထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ႏိုင္ဖို႔အတြက္က
ဒီအတုိင္းေတာ့ဘယ္ရလိမ့္မလဲေလ… Server စက္မွာ NOS ( Network Operating System )
ကိုတင္ေပးဖို႔ေတာ့
လိုအပ္တာေပါ႔ေလ… Client/Server Network မွာ အဆိုးရြားဆံုးဒုကၡေပးႏိုင္တာကေတာ့
Server Failure ျဖစ္သြားရင္
Network ႀကီးတစ္ခုလံုး အသက္ကင္းသြားပါၿပီ… ဘာမွကိုလုပ္လို႔ရေတာ့မွာမဟုတ္ပါဘူး…
ဗဟိုထိန္းခ်ဳပ္မွဳစနစ္ ျဖစ္ေနတာကိုး…
ေနာက္တစ္ခ်က္က NOS ပါေနတဲ့အတြက္ သာမန္ User အေနနဲ႔ အသံုးျပဳ ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ေပးႏိုင္ဖို႔
မလြယ္ဘူးေလ…သူ႔အတြက္
သီးသန္႔ကၽြမ္းက်င္၀န္ထမ္း ထားရမွာျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္ ကုန္က်စရိတ္ေတြ ပိုလာမွာပါ… ဒါေလးေတြကလြဲရင္ေတာ့
Server ကိုေတာ္ေတာ္ေကာင္းတယ္ေျပာရမွာပါပဲ… Peer-to-Peer နဲ႔ Client/Server ကို
အလြယ္တကူခြဲခ်င္ရင္ေတာ့ NOS ပါျခင္း
မပါျခင္းနဲ႔ပဲ ခြဲျခားႏိုင္ပါတယ္…
Repeater ဟာ Signals ေတြကို အားျမွင့္ေပးတာပါ… ဆိုလိုတာက Network မွာအသံုးျပဳတဲ့
Copper Cable ကဲ့သို႔ေသာ ၾကားခံပစၥည္းတိုင္းဟာ Data Signals ေတြကိုသယ္ယူတဲ့အခါ
အမ်ားဆံုးသယ္ပို႔ေပးႏိုင္တဲ့ အကြာအေ၀း (Weakend) ဆိုတာ ရွိပါတယ္… ဒီေတာ့ တခ်ဳိ႕တေလ
ႀကီးမားက်ယ္ျပန္႔တဲ့ Network ေတြမွာဆိုရင္ Weakend ကို ေက်ာ္လြန္ေနတတ္ပါတယ္…
Network တစ္ခုလံုးဟာ မီတာ၃၀၀ ေလာက္ရွိေနမယ္… ဒါေပမယ့္ Cable က မီတာ ၁၀၀
ပဲအမ်ားဆံုးရတယ္… ဒါဆိုရင္ Repeater ကိုသံုးမွသာ အဆင္ေျပေတာ့မွာပါ… နဂိုေနမွာ မီတာ ၁၀၀
ပဲရေပမယ့္ Repeater ကိုသံုးလိုက္တာေၾကာင့္
ေနာက္ထပ္ မီတာ ၁၀၀ အကြာအေ၀းကို Data ထပ္ေရာက္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္… ေနာက္တစ္ခုကေတာ့
မတူညီတဲ့ Network
Physical Media ေတြကိုလည္း ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ေပးႏိုင္ပါေသးတယ္… ဒီ Network Group တစ္ခုတည္းပဲ…
IP တူတယ္…
ဒါေပမယ့္ တစ္ခုက Coaxial Cable နဲ႔ခ်ိတ္ထားတယ္… တစ္ခုက UTP Cable နဲ႔ခ်ိတ္ထားတယ္…
ဒီႏွစ္ခုကို
ေပါင္းစည္းခ်ိတ္ဆက္ခ်င္ရင္ Repeater ကိုသံုးပါတယ္… Repeater ေတြကို Fiber Optic Cable
နဲ႔ဆင္တဲ့ Network မွာထက္Copper Wire နဲ႔ဆင္တဲ့ Network ေတြမွာ ပိုသံုးတတ္ပါတယ္…
Fiber Optic Cable ကပိုၿပီးအကြာအေ၀း
ပိုေရာက္တယ္ေလ… ဒါေၾကာင့္ Repeater ကို အသံုးနည္းတာပါ…
Bridge ဆိုတာ အမွန္တကယ္ေတာ့ Repeater ကို အဆင့္ျမွင့္လိုက္တာပါပဲ… သူလည္း Repeater
လိုပဲ Data Signalေတြကို Extand လုပ္ေပးႏိုင္ပါတယ္… ဒီေတာ့ ေယဘုယ်အေနနဲ႔ေျပာရရင္
Repeater နဲ႔ Bridge ဟာတူတယ္လို႔
ေျပာလို႔ရပါတယ္… ဒါေပမယ့္ အေခၚအေ၀ၚ ကြဲေနတဲ့အတြက္ ကြဲလြဲခ်က္ရွိေနမွာေတာ့ အေသအခ်ာပါပဲ…
ဟုတ္ပါၿပီ… ဒါဆို ဘာေတြကြဲတာလဲ… ဒီလိုပါ… Repeater ဟာ Data Signal ေတြကို Extand
လုပ္ေပးရံုသာ လုပ္ႏိုင္တာပါ… Bridge
ကေတာ့ ဒီ့ထက္ပိုၿပီး လုပ္ႏိုင္စြမ္း ပိုျမင့္လာပါတယ္… Bridge မွာ Node
(Network ေပၚမွာရွိေနတဲ့ စက္တစ္လံုး) တစ္ခု
ခ်င္းစီရဲ႕ Physical Address ေတြကို မွတ္ႏိုင္စြမ္း ပိုလာပါတယ္…
ဥပမာေျပာရရင္ Network Physical Media
ေတြမတူညီၾကတဲ့ Network Group တစ္ခု… Coaxial Cable သံုးထားတဲ့ဖက္ကို
Network A လို႔သတ္မွတ္မယ္…
UTP Cable သံုးထားတဲ့ဖက္ကေတာ့ Network B ေပါ႔… သူတို႔ႏွစ္ခုကို Bridge
သံုးၿပီးခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားပါတယ္… ဒီ
Network Group အတြင္းမွာပဲ Node1 ကေန Node2 ကို Data ေတြ ေပးပို႔ပါတယ္…
Node1 ေရာ Node2 ဟာ
Network B ဖက္ပဲ ရွိေနၾကတာပါ… ဒါေပမယ့္ ဒါကိုမသိပဲ Data ဟာ မ်က္ေစ့လည္
လမ္းမွားၿပီးေတာ့ Node2 ကို Network
A ဖက္မွာ သြားရွာဖို႔ ႀကဳိးစားပါတယ္… Network B ကေန Network A ကို ကူးမွာျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္
ၾကားမွာခံေနတဲ့
Bridge ကို ျဖတ္ရပါၿပီ… ဒါေပမယ့္ Data ဟာ Bridge ကိုျဖတ္လို႔မရပါဘူး… Bridge က
ျဖတ္ခြင့္မေပးတာပါ… Bridge
က Data ကို ဘာေၾကာင့္ျဖတ္ခြင့္မေပးလဲဆိုေတာ့ Data ေရာက္ရမယ့္ Node2 ဟာ Network B
ဖက္မွာပဲ ရွိေနတာကို
Bridge က သိေနလို႔ပါပဲ…
Bridge ဟာ ဘာလို႔ ဒီလိုသိႏိုင္စြမ္းရွိေနလဲဆိုတာကို ရွင္းပါမယ္… Bridge ဟာစစခ်င္းမွာ
ဘာကိုမွမသိပါဘူး… ဒါေပမယ့္ ေနာက္ပိုင္းမွာ Data Packet ေလးေတြကို လက္ခံရတိုင္း ဘယ္လမ္းေၾကာင္းကေနလာသလဲဆိုတာ သူ႔ထဲမွာပဲ Table တစ္ခုတည္ေဆာက္ၿပီး မွတ္သားထားလိုက္တာပါ…
သူ႔ဆီကို ေရာက္လာတဲ့ Data Packet ေတြ ဆီကမွ Network A မွာ
Node ဘယ္ေလာက္ရွိတယ္… အဲဒီ Node ေတြရဲ႕ Address ေတြက ဘာဆိုတာေတြကို
ခုနေျပာခဲ့တဲ့ Table မွာ မွတ္သားထားလိုက္တာပါ… Network B ကိုလည္း ဒီပံုအတိုင္းပဲ
မွတ္သားပါတယ္… တကယ္လို႔မ်ား သူမွတ္ထားတဲ့
အထဲမွာ မပါ၀င္တဲ့ Node အသစ္တစ္ခုကိုေတြ႔ရရင္လည္း ဒီလိုပဲ ဆက္မွတ္သားပါတယ္…
ဒါေပမယ့္ အဲဒီလို Node အသစ္ေပၚလာတဲ့အခါမွာေတာ့ သူ႔ Table ထဲမွာမွတ္သားၿပီးသားမရွိတဲ့အတြက္
ေပးပို႔လိုက္တဲ့ Data Packet ကို ပို႔လႊတ္လိုက္တဲ့
Node ကလြဲၿပီး က်န္ Node အားလံုးကိုပို႔လႊတ္ေပးလိုက္တာပါ… အဲဒီ ပို႔လႊတ္လိုက္တဲ့
Data Packet ရည္မွန္း Node
ကိုေရာက္ေတာ့မွ Bridge ဟာ အဲဒီ Node ရဲ႔ Address ကို ထပ္မွတ္ထားလိုက္ပါတယ္…
ဒီလိုနည္းနဲ႔ပဲ Bridge ဟာ Address အသစ္ေတြကို ရယူပါတယ္…
ဒီေတာ့ Bridge ဟာ Network A ရဲ႕ Data Packet ေရာ Network B ရဲ႕ Data Packet
ပါ ရရွိတာေၾကာင့္ အဲဒီ Data
Packet ေလးေတြဆီကေန သက္ဆိုင္ရာ Network ေတြမွာရွိေနတဲ့ Address ေတြကို သိရွိေနတာပါ…
Data ကို သယ္ပို႔တဲ့အခါ
Network A က Data ဟာ Network A မွာရွိေနတဲ့ Node တစ္ခုခုဆီကို သြားတာပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္၊
Network B က Data ဟာ
Network B မွာရွိေနတဲ့ Node တစ္ခုခုဆီကို သြားတာပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္ Bridge ကို ျဖတ္သန္းရမွာမဟုတ္ပါဘူး…
အဲဒီလိုမွမဟုတ္ပဲ
Network A က Data ဟာ Network B မွာရွိေနတဲ့ Node တစ္ခုခုဆီကို သြားတာပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္၊
Network B က Data ဟာ
Network A မွာရွိေနတဲ့ Node တစ္ခုခုဆီကို သြားတာပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္ Bridge ကို ျဖတ္သန္းရေတာ့မွာပါ…
Bridge ကို မျဖစ္မေန
အသံုးျပဳရေတာ့မွာပါ…
ေျပာရရင္ Repeater နဲ႔ Bridge မတူတာဟာ ဒီအခ်က္ပါပဲ… Repeater ဟာ Data
ဘယ္ကိုသြားသြား အဆီးအတားမရွိ ျဖတ္သန္းခြင့္ျပဳထားတာပါ… သူ႕မွာ စစ္ေဆးတားဆီးႏိုင္တဲ့
စြမ္းရည္ မရွိပါဘူး… အဲ… ေနာက္တစ္ခ်က္ ကြာတာလည္းရွိပါေသး
တယ္… Bridge ဟာ Data Packet တစ္ခုခ်င္းဆီရဲ႕ Source နဲ႔ Destination Address
ေတြကို လိုက္စစ္ေဆးေနရတာေၾကာင့္ Repeater နဲ႔ယွဥ္ရင္ အလုပ္လုပ္တာ ပိုေႏွးေနပါလိမ့္မယ္…
ဒါေပမယ့္ ျပန္သာသြားတာက Data ဟာ ဘယ္ Traffic လမ္းေၾကာင္း
ကေနသြားမယ္ဆိုတာကို စီစစ္ၿပီးမွ သြားတာေၾကာင့္ Data ပို႔တဲ့ႏွဳန္းဟာ Bridge က ပိုသာပါတယ္…
ေနာက္ထပ္ အားသာခ်က္တစ္
ခုကေတာ့ Heavy Duty Service ေပးေနရတဲ့ Network ေတြမွာ Bridge ခံလိုက္ျခင္းျဖင့္
ေသးငယ္တဲ့ Small Segment အျဖစ္ ခြဲထုတ္ေပးႏိုင္ျခင္းပါပဲ
ဆက္လက္ေဖၚျပပါ့မယ္
run command အတြက္ အသံုး၀င္ မဲ ့႕ command ေလးေတြ
%appdata% အသံုးခ်ေဆာ့ဖ္၀ဲေတြရဲ႕ အခ်က္အလက္ေတြ သိမ္းထားတဲ့ ေနရာပါ။%comspec% Command shell တကယ္ အလုပ္လုပ္ေနတဲ့ ေနရာ။
%homedrive% လက္ရွိသံုးေနတဲ့ သူရဲ႕ Home Drive ေနရာ။
%homepath% လက္ရွိသံုးေနတဲ့ သူရဲ႕ Home Drive လမ္းေၾကာင္း။
%logonserver% လက္ရွိ၀င္သုံးေနတဲ့သူရဲ႕ Domain Controller
%programfiles% ေဆာ့ဖ္၀ဲေတြ ထည့္သြင္းထားတဲ့ ေနရာ
%systemdrive% ၀င္းဒိုးရဲ႕ ပင္မ Directory
%systemroot% ၀င္းဒိုးရဲ႕ ပင္မ Root Directory
%tmp% သို႔ %temp% လက္ရွိသံုးေနတဲ့ ေဆာ့ဖ္၀ဲေတြ အလုပ္လုပ္လက္စ ဖိုင္ေတြရွိရာေနရာ
%username% လက္ရွိသံုးေနတဲ့သူ အမည္
%userdomain% လက္ရွိသံုးေနတဲ့ Domain အမည္
%userprofile% လက္ရွိသံုးေနတဲ့သူရဲ႕ Profile ရွိရာေနရာ
%windir% OS တင္ထားတဲ့ ေနရာ
